英语句子成分

英语句子成分分析

一、 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物

The sun rises in the east.(名词)

He likes dancing.（代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)

Seeing is believing.(动名词)

To see is to believe.(不定式)

What he needs is a book.(主语从句)

It is very clear that the elephant is bigger than the tiger.

二、 谓语（predicate）：说明主语的动作、状态和特征

We study English.

三、 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征

He is a teacher.(名词)

He is asleep.(形容词)

His father is in.(副词)

The picture is on the wall.(介词短语)

The question is whether they will come.(表语从句)

 联系动词（Link verb）：简称系动词，本身具有词义，但它不能单独用作谓语，后面必须跟表语，构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

常见的系动词有：be动词（is/am/are/was/were）,感官系动词（look/smell/sound/taste/feel）,seem(似乎；好像)，appear(显得；看起来好像)，keep，remain, stay(保持)，prove（证明是），动态系动词get(变得)，grow（渐渐变得），turn（变成（与原来完全不同的色彩和性质）），go(变得)，become, come(变成为（已知的状态）)，run, make, fell

 英语中某些动词即可用作系动词，也可用作实义动词，作为系动词用时无被动语态。

e.g. The apple tastes good. The apple is tasted by me.

系动词除了能接adj./ n./ prep.短语和某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：

① 能接as if/as though引导的表语从句的系动词有：look(看起来)，smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（摸起来，感觉起来），appear(显得)，seem（似乎；好像）

e.g. It looks as if we are going to have snow.

② 可用于“It+系动词+that从句的有：seem，appear，不可用look

It seemed that he had made serious mistakes in his work.

It appeared that he was talking to himself.

③ 用不定式作表语的系动词有：be， seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow

e.g. She looks to be a young girl of twenty.

My advice proved to be wrong.

He seems not to be her father.

四、 宾语（object）：（表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或者介词之后）

① 动宾

e.g. I like China.(名词)

He hates you.(代词)

How many do you need? We need two.(数词)

I enjoy working with you.(动名词)

I hope to see you again.(不定式)

Did you write down what he said?(宾语从句)

②介宾

e.g. Are you afraid of the snake?

③双宾语（直接宾语指人；间接宾语指物）——give sb. sth.

e.g. He gave me a book yesterday.

五、宾语补足语（宾补）：对宾语的补充

e.g. We elected him monitor.(名词)

We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.(名词)

We will make them happy.(形容词)

We found nobody in.(副词)

Please make yourself at home.(介词短语)

Don’t let him do that.(省to不定式)

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(带to不定式)

Don’t keep the lights burning.(现在分词)

六、 主语补足语（主补）：对主语的补充

He was elected monitor.(名词)

She was found singing in the next room.（现在分词）

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(不定式)

七、 定语（attribute）:是用来说明或限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任，在汉语中常译为“…的”。单个的形容词作定语时通常放在所修饰词之前，而相当于形容词的短语或从句通常放在所修饰名词的后面。

e.g. He is a chemistry teacher.(名词)

He is our friend.(代词)

He is a tall boy.(形容词)

八、 状语(adverbial)：状语是用来说明动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分，状语常由副词担任，状语通常可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、

方式和让步。副词在修饰动词时可放在动词之前也可以放在动词之后；而修饰形容词和副词时放在它们之前。

e.g. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.

The meat went bad because of the hot weather.

He studies hard to learn English well.

He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.

英语五种基本句型：

① SV(主+谓)

② SVP(主+系+表)

③ SVO（主+谓+宾）

④ SVOO（主+谓+双宾）

⑤ SVOC（主+谓+宾+宾补）

定语从句讲解

(一) 关系词

定语从句中的关系词只有两类：关系代词和关系副词；没有连词。也就是说，定语从句中的所有关系词不但都有具体的意义而且都在从句中担任一定的成分。

1）关系代词：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。

 who用于代替\"表示人的意义\"的先行词，并且在从句中作主语；在现代英语里，也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语。例如：

I have no idea about the man who wrote the article .

The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .

 whom 用于代替\"表示人的意义\"的先行词，并且在从句中作动词或介词的宾语。在现代英语里，如果whom在从句中作动词的宾语，它与who可以通用；但是如果whom在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用whom，而不能用whom了。当然，如果在口语或非正式文体中，介词没有提前，也就没有这点要求了。例如：

Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ?

They are looking for the patient on whom doctors just performed an operation . （此句中whom不能换成who）

 whose 用于代替\"表示人或物意义\"的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。Whose常表达\"某人的、某物的\"之意。例如：

Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?

Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.

 which 用于代替\"表示事物意义\"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。例如：

Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .

I've got a novel which you may like to read .

That was a fault which could not be forgiven . 那是不能饶恕的错误。

 that 既用于代替\"表示人或事物意义\"的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which 。例如：

Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .

Who is the girl to that you talked just now ? （错误）

 如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,可以将其省略。例如：

This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday .

I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .

Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ?

 定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。例如：

This is the magazine which was sent to me by post .

➢ 关系代词that 和which的区别

that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替\"表示事物意义\"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。但在下列情况下一般只用that而不用which ：

① 先行词本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything ，much, few, any, little等不定代词时，例如：

That’s all that I know.

Is there anything that you want to buy in town？

There must be something that happened to you .

They had nothing that could cure of his disease .

② 先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the only，the very等修饰时，例如：

The first English novel that I read was Cities.

This is the only thing that we can do now.

This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.

③ 先行词中既有人又有物时，例如：

We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.

④ 当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。例如：

Who is the person that is standing at the gate .

⑤ 关系代词在从句中做表语时，例如：

He is not the man that he used to be.

He is no longer the star that he was.

然而，在下列情况下却只用which而不用that：

① 当先行词表示事物意义，并且在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用which 。当然，如果在口语或非正式文体中，介词没有提前，也就没有这点要求了。例如：

The world that we live in is made of matter. 我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。

The world in which we live is made of matter .

The world in that we live is made of matter.（错误）

② 在引导非限定性定语从句时，例如：

The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .

The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .

③ 先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如：Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。

 as可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句。例如：

① 限制性定语从句 （常用于such … as和the same … as 等句式中）

Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem .你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。

People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays .你描述的这种人现在很少见了。

This computer has the same functions as that one has .这台计算机有着和那台计

算机一样的功能。

② 非限定性定语从句 （as可以作为关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时，as是指

全句：也就是说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实；并对其进行补充、说明。这种非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。）

As I know , she hasn't got married . 如我所知，她还未结婚。

They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛中得了第一。

Professor Li is extremely popular among students , as is known to all of us . 如我们大家所知，李教授极受学生们的欢迎。

（2）关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于\"介词+ which\"结构，因此常常和\"介词+ which\"结构交替使用。

① when 代替表示时间的名词，在从句中充当时间状语,例如：

I still remember the day when (in which) I visited the professor. ( the day是先行词，when是关系副词，在从句中作时间状语。

We don't know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我们不知道英语晚会举行的确切时间。

② where 代替表示地点的名词，在从句中充当地点状语。例如：

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.我们举行演讲比赛的地点还未定下来。

That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .那是一座我曾经在那儿有过许多梦想的美丽的校园。

③ why 代替表示原因的名词，在从句中充当原因状语。例如：

He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy .他没有告诉她为什么他那么高兴的原因。

The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。

They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before .他们向我们解释为什么他们以前误解了我们的原因。

 that可用作关系副词，在表明方式、时间或地点的单词后面，常用that来代替in which，when或where, that也可省去。

We left the day (that/when) he arrived.

介词+关系代词

在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人的意义，就只能用whom ；关系代词若是表示事物的意义，就只能用which 。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题，因为这个问题的解决取决于多种因素：

1） 介词与先行词的习惯搭配

They are still living in the little house in which they've been lived for 15 years . （ in the house \"在屋子里\" ） 他们现在还住在他们已住了15年的那个小房子里。

We've worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通过某种方法) 我们已研制出了一个能大规模提高生产的方法。

She didn't realize the extent to which she had been distracted .（ to extend \"到某种程度\" ） 她没有意识到她心烦意乱的程度。

2） 介词与定语从句中的动词，形容词的习惯搭配

He is the man on whom I think you can depend. (depend on”依靠；依赖”)

The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . （ talk to + 名词 \"与某人谈话\" ）

The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our company．（be familiar with是习惯搭配）

 短语动词中的介词不可与动词分开提至关系代词前。常见的短语动词有listen to，

look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of，look into，break into，get rid of，take part in，make use of，take hold of，catch hold of，catch up with，get along with，look forward to等。此时可用which，who，whom或that，也可将他们省略。

（误）This is the girl of whom he will take care．

（正）This is the girl whom he will take care of．

 定语从句的种类

在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：

① 限定性定语从句

限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：

They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.

他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。

② 非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点\"，\"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补

充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。

The old man has a son , who is in the army .那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。

The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。

练习：

1.I’m going to visit the school _________ my mother taught physics ten years ago.

A. where B. that C. which D. what

2. She was not the woman _________ she was before.

A. what B. that C. who D. as

3.In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _________ they could turn for help.

A. whom B. who C. to whom D. from whom

4. She brought with her three friends, none of _____I had ever met

before.

A. them B. who C. whom D . these

5. The knife________ we used to cut the bread is very sharp ．

A．with which B．with it C．with that D．which

6. The clever boy made a hole in the wall , ________ he could see what was going on inside the house．

A．in which B．through which C．at which D．on which

7. My hometown is no longer the same_______ it used to be ．

A．which B．as C．that D．like

8. Is there anything _____ I can do for you?

A. which B. who C. as D. that

9. The engineer _____ my father is talking has just come from abroad.

A. with whom B. with who C. with which D. that

10. The speaker will tell us about some writers and their works _____are known

to us.

A. which B. that C. as D. who

11. It was at our college library _____ I borrowed the novel.

A. which B. in which C. that D. where

12. The foreign guests, _____ were scientists, were warmly welcomed at the airport.

A. most of whom B. most of them C. most of which D. most of those

13. This is the hotel _______last month.

A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed

14. The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.

A. where B. to which C. which D. in which

15.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?

A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked

16.I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV.

A. that B. which C. as D. it

17. The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.

A. which B. whose C. what D. /

18. I don't like ______ as you read.

A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels

19. I have bought two pens, _______ writes well.

A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which

20. My friend showed me round the town, ______ was very kind of him.

A. which B. that C. where D. it

21.I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city ______ name will create

a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.

A. which B. of which C. that D. whose

22.Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _____ local 5-star hotels

charged 6,000 yuan for one night.

A. if B. when C. which D. since

24.I have reached a point in my life ,____I am supposed to make decisions of my ownA .which B where C .how D why

25.Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?

A. that B. / C. which D．it