C1127

3.1Definitions—RefertoTerminologyC717forthefol-lowingtermsusedinthisguide:bondbreaker;cellular;coldjoint;compatibility;compound;constructionjoint;controljoint;creep;dryfilmthickness;elastomer;expansionjoint;gasket;isolationjoint;joint;laitance;primer;reglet;rein-forcedjoint;sealant;spalling.

3.2DescriptionofTermsSpecifictoThisStandard:

3.2.1cold-applied—capableofbeingappliedwithoutheat-ingascontrastedtohot-applied.

3.2.1.1Discussion—Cold-appliedproductsarefurnishedinaliquidstate,whereashot-appliedproductsarefurnishedassolidsthatmustbeheatedtoliquefythem.

3.2.2curingtime—theperiodbetweenapplicationandthetimewhenthematerialattainsitsintendedphysicalproperties.3.2.3deck—thehorizontalstructuralsubstratesupportingtheplazadecksystem.

3.2.4deflection—thedeviationofastructuralelementfromitsoriginalshapeorplaneduetophysicalloading,temperaturegradients,orrotationofitssupport.

3.2.5finish—theexposedtopsurfaceoftheplazadecksystem,ortrafficorwearingsurface.

3.2.6flashing—agenerictermdescribingthetransitionalareabetweenthewaterproofingmembraneandsurfacesabovethewearingsurfaceoftheplaza;aterminalclosureorbarriertopreventingressofwaterintothesystem.

3.2.7floatedfinish—aconcretefinishprovidedbyconsoli-datingandlevelingtheconcretewithonlyapowerdrivenorhandfloat,orboth.

3.2.7.1Discussion—Afloatedfinishismorecoarsethanatroweledfinish.Forspecifications,seeACISpecification301.3.2.8freeze-thawcycle—thefreezingandsubsequentthaw-ingofamaterial.

3.2.9grout—concretecontainingnocoarseaggregate;athinmortar.

3.2.10preparatorycoat—aninitialcoatoftheliquid-appliedmembranewhichisappliedatcracks,joints,orterminalpointstoprovidereinforcementtothemembraneatthesecriticalareas.

3.2.11structuralslab—ahorizontal,supporting,cast-in-placeconcretebuildingdeck.

3.2.12traffıcsurface—asurfaceexposedtotraffic,eitherpedestrianorvehicular.

3.2.13troweledfinish—aconcretefinishprovidedbysmoothingthesurfacewithpower-drivenorhandtrowels,orboth,afterthefloatfinishingoperation.

3.2.13.1Discussion—Atroweledfinishissmootherthanthefloatedfinish.Forspecifications,seeACISpecification301.3.2.14wearingsurface—seetraffıcsurface.

3.2.15wet-filmthickness—thethicknessofaliquidcoatingasitisapplied.

3.2.16wet-filmgauge—agaugeformeasuringthethicknessofawetfilm.

12AvailablefromAmericanPlywoodAssoc.(ForestIndustries),P.O.Box11700,Tacoma,WA98411.

4.SignificanceandUse

4.1Thisguideisdividedintotwosectionswhichprovidedesignandspecificationguidelinesfortheuseofacoldliquid-appliedelastomericmembranewithintegralwearingsurfaceforwaterproofingbuildingdecksinbuildingareastobeoccupiedbypersonnel,vehicles,orequipment.

4.2TheintentofSections5-11,DesignConsiderations,istoprovideinformationanddesignguidelineswhereawaterproof-ingmembranewithintegralwearingsurfaceistobeused.Theintentoftheremainingsectionsistoprovideminimumguidespecificationsfortheuseofthepurchaserandthesellerincontractdocuments.

4.3Wherethestateoftheartissuchthatcriteriaforaparticularconditionisnotasyetfirmlyestablishedorhasnumerousvariablesthatrequireconsideration,referenceismadetotheapplicableportionofSections5-11thatcoverstheparticularareaofconcern.Section16describestherepair,rehabilitation,andreplacementofthemembrane.

DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS

5.General

5.1MajorComponents,Subsystems,andFeatures—Designofplazadeckwaterproofingincludesconsiderationofseveralsubsystems,withtheirmaterialcomponentsandinterrelation-ships.Thespecificprojectrequirements,typesofsubstratesexposedtoweather,differenceinclimaticconditionstowhichthedeckisexposed,andinteriorenvironmentalrequirementsoftheoccupiedspace,aremajordeterminantsintheselectionofcomponents.Informationneededtodesignthedecksub-systemsincludestemperatureextremesoftheinnerandoutersurfaces,precipitationrates,solarexposure,prevailingwinddirection,thepatternandreflectivityofadjacentstructures,anticipatedamountandintensityofvibrationresultingfromfunctionoradjacentoccupancies,anddesignliveloads.

5.2MajorSubsystems—Themajorsubsystemstobecon-sideredinwaterproofingabuildingdeckarethestructuralbuildingdeckorsubstratetobewaterproofed,decksupports,traffic-bearingwaterproofingmembrane,drainage,membraneterminations,andjointsystems(seeFig.1).Thedesignguidelines,aswellasthedetails,components,anddrawingswhichfollow,illustrateaprinciplebutarenotnecessarilytheonlysolutionsforadiversityofenvironments.

5.3Compatibility—Componentsandcontiguouselementsshouldbecompatibleandcoordinatedtoformatotallyintegratedwaterproofingsystem.

5.4WaterproofingMembrane—Thewaterproofingmem-branemaybecomposedofseveralcomponents,suchas

FIG.1BasicComponentsofCold-AppliedElastomeric

WaterproofingMembranewithIntegralWearingCourse(see5.2

and5.4)

substrateprimer(s),basecoat(s),topcoat(s),andantiskidaggregate(s),andeachmaterialmaybesingleormulti-component.Thethicknessofeachcoat,theuseofprimers,aswellasthetypeandamountofaggregatesneededforeachparticularapplication,varyaccordingtotheexposurecondi-tions.Areasofhighstressandwear,suchassharpturnradiiandareaswithheavyaccelerationandbrakingfromvehiculartraffic,requireagreaterapplicationthicknessofthemembraneandaggregatethandoareasoflowerstress.Themembranesystemmustbeappliedatathicknessgreatenoughtowithstandtheconditionsofuse.Theactualthicknessofeachcoatrequiredforaparticularapplicationandtheuseofaggregateintopcoatsshouldbeestablishedbetweenthepurchaserandtheseller.Thepurchasershouldspecifythattheminimummembraneorfilmthicknessmeetsorexceedstherequirementsfortheparticularapplicationandsubstrate.

5.5MembraneWear—Theliquid-appliedelastomericmem-braneformsthewearingsurfaceofthebuildingdeckandthereforecanbeexpectedtoshowwearanddeterioration.Theinstalledmembranesystemrequiresmaintenancetoprovidemaximumlifeandwaterproofingprotection.Aprogramofregularlyscheduledinspections(thatis,annual,semi-annual,orquarterly)shallbeestablishedtodetectproblemsbeforemajordamageoccurstothemembrane.Smallareasofhighwear(suchasasharpturninaparkingdeck)orareassubjectedtoabusecanandshouldberepaired.Ifthetopcoatorwearingsurfacehasbeguntodeteriorate,thewearingsurface(includingaggregate)canberehabilitated.Shouldthemembranesystembecomeworntothepointwherelargeareasofthedecksubstratearevisible,themembranesystemprobablywillhavetobecompletelyreplacedandstructuralrepairsmayberequired.Lossofwatertightintegrityshouldnotbepermittedascorrosionofreinforcingsteelcanoccur,causingspallingandtherebyjeopardizingthestructuralintegrityofthedeck.6.Cast-In-PlaceConcrete

6.1General—Theconcretesubstrateorbuildingdeckre-ferredtointhisguideisreinforced,cast-in-placestructuralconcrete,whichshouldconformtoallrequirementsofACISpecification301.

6.2Strength—Thestrengthofconcreteisanimportantfactorsinceliquid-appliedelastomericmembraneshaveamuchhighermodulusandtensilestrengththanatypicalbuildingsealantorawaterproofingmembranenormallyusedwithaseparatewearingcourse.(Forexample,the100%(tensile)modulusvaluemayrangeupto34.47MPa(5000psi).)Theconcretemusthavesufficientstrengthtoavoidruptureatthebondlineofthemembranewhenthemembraneisundertensileorshearstress.Thestrengthofconcreteisalsoafactortobeconsideredinsofarasitrelatestofinish,bondstrength,andcontinuingintegrity(absenceofcracksandotherdefectsthatcouldaffecttheintegrityofthemembraneafterinstallation).Thus,theconcreteshouldhaveaminimumcompressivestrengthof20.68MPa(3000psi)whenthemembraneisapplied.

6.3AggregatesandMoistureContent—Concreteisacom-plexmixtureofportlandcement,water,aggregatesand,op-tionally,admixtures.TheportlandcementusedshouldbeinconformancewithSpecificationC150,TypeIorIII.(TypesII,IV,andVarerarely,ifever,usedinbuildingdeckconstruc-tion.)AggregatesgenerallyavailableforuseinconcreteareinconformancewithSpecificationsC33,C330,andC332.Themoisturecontentofthecuredconcrete,whichisrelatedtothetypeofaggregateused,canaffecttheadhesionofthewater-proofingmembranetothesubstrate.Withanexcessivelyhighmoisturecontent,moisturemaycondenseattheinterfaceofthemembraneandconcrete,andcausemembranedelamination.Thisisparticularlysoifthetopsurfaceiscoolerthantheconcretebelow.LowermoisturecontentsareachievedwiththeuseofdensestoneaggregatesconformingtoSpecificationC33,whichgenerallyprovidesstructuralconcretewitha3to5%moisturecontentwhencured.AggregatesconformingtoSpecificationC330willprovidelightweightstructuralcon-cretegenerallyhavinga5to20%moisturecontentwhencured.AggregatesconformingtoSpecificationC332providelightweightinsulatingconcrete,generallyhavingarelativelylowcompressivestrengthandcapableofhavingover20%moisturecontentwhencured.Theconcreteusedforthedecksubstrateshouldhaveamaximummoisturecontent3of8%whencuredandaminimumdensityof1760kg/m(110lb/ft3).Hence,alimitednumberoflightweightaggregates(Specifica-tionC330)maybeused,andnolightweightinsulatingaggregates(SpecificationC332)shallbeused.

6.4Admixtures,Additives,andCement/ConcreteModifiers—Admixtures,additives,andmodifiersservemanyfunctionsinmixing,forming,andcuringconcrete,suchastoretardoracceleratethecurerate;reducethewatercontentrequired;entrainair;increasestrength;createorimprovetheabilityoftheconcretetobondtoexisting,curedconcrete;permitthintoppingoverlayers;andimproveworkability.Someadmixturesandmodifiers(particularlypolymeric,latexorotherorganic/chemicalbasedmaterials)maycoattheconcreteparticlesandreducetheabilityofthewaterproofingmembranetobondtotheconcrete.Themembranemanufacturershouldbeconsultediftheconcreteusedforthedeckcontainsanyadmixtures,additives,ormodifiersinordertodeterminethecompatibilityofthemembranewiththeconcrete.

6.5UndersideMetalLinerandCoating—Theundersideoftheconcretedeckshouldnotbeimpervioustowater,butrathershouldpermitthefreeevaporationofwaterfromtheconcrete.Ifanundersidemetalliner,usedasaformorcompositestructuralcomponent,doesnotpermitmoisturetoevaporate,watervapormaybetrappedbetweenthemembraneandthesupportandcondenseatthemembrane-concreteinterface.Thecondensatecandestroyorpreventtheadhesivebondofthemembranetotheconcrete.Adequatedryingofresidualmois-tureinconcretepouredoverpermanentmetallinersrequiresamuchlongerperiod(possiblyyears)toachievesimilarmois-turecontentasisachievedwithslabsstrippedofforming.Uniformlyspacedperforationsinpermanentmetallinersmayprovideasolutiontothevaporbarrierproblembutasyettherearenodefinitedataontherequirementsforthesizeandspacingoftheperforations.Subsequentcoatingwhichmightinhibitmoisturevaportransmissionthroughtheventsshouldbeavoided.Coatingtheundersideofastrippedconcretedeckwithacoatingthatinhibitsvaportransmissionsshouldalsobeavoided.Theminimumpermratingpermissibleforsucha

coatingtobeacceptableis1metricperm(1.52U.S.perms).6.5.1Perforations—Perforatedmetallinershavedifferentstructuralcharacteristicsandpropertiesthannonperforatedmaterial.Thesedifferencesmustberecognizedandaccommo-datedinthedesignanduseofthesematerials.

6.6SlopeforDrainage—Drainageatthemembranelevelisimportant.Sincethewaterproofingmembraneisplaceddi-rectlyontheconcreteslab,amonolithicconcretesubstrateslopeofaminimum11mm/m(1⁄8in/ft)shouldbemaintained.Slopeisbestachievedwithamonolithicpour,ascomparedwithaseparateconcretefill.Thefillpresentsthepotentialofadditionalcracksandprovidesacleavageplanebetweenthefillandthestructuralslab.Thecleavageplanecomplicatesthedetectionofleakageintheeventthatwaterpenetratesthemembraneatacrackinthefillandtravelsalongtheseparationuntilreachingacrackinthestructuralslab.

6.7Finish—Thestructuralslabshouldhaveafinishthatfacilitatesproperapplicationoftheliquid-appliedmembrane.Thesurfaceshouldbeofsufficientlyroughtexturetoprovideamechanicalbondforthemembrane,butnotsoroughastoprecludeachievingcontinuityofthemembraneofthespecifiedthicknessacrossthesurface.Asaminimum,ACISpecifica-tion301floatedfinishisrequiredwithACISpecification301troweledfinishpreferred,deletingthefinaltrowelling.Followtherequirementsofthemembranemanufacturerastotherequiredfinish.

6.7.1VerticalSubstrate—Theverticalsurfacetowhichthewaterproofingmembraneisadheredshouldhaveasound,smoothfinish,dryandfreefromcracksandloosematerials,asstatedforthehorizontalordecksubstrate.

6.8Curing—Curingofthestructuralslabisnecessarytoprovideasoundconcretesurfaceandobtainthequalityofconcreterequired.Curingisachemicalreactionaccomplishedwithmoistureandshouldnotbemisconstruedasdrying.Theconcreteshouldbecuredaminimumof7daysandagedaminimumof28days,includingcuringtime,beforeapplyingtheliquid-appliedmembrane.Themorecommonlyknowncuringmethodsaremoistcuring,impermeablesheetcuring,andchemicalcuring.

6.8.1MoistCuring—Moistcuringisachievedbykeepingthesurfacescontinuouslywetbycoveringthemwithburlapsaturatedwithwaterandkeptwetbysprayingorhosing.Thecoveringmaterialshouldbeplacedinamannerthatprovidescompletesurfacecoverage,withjointslappedaminimumof75mm(3in.).

6.8.2SheetCuring—Sheetcuringisaccomplishedwithasheetvaporbarrier,whichreducesthelossofwaterfromtheconcreteandmoistensthesurfaceoftheconcretebyconden-sation,thuspreventingthesurfacefromdryingwhilecuring.Lapsofsheetscoveringtheslabshouldnotbelessthan5cm(2in.)andshouldbesealedorweighted.(SeePracticeC755.)6.8.3ChemicalCuring—Liquidorchemicalcuringcom-poundsshouldnotbeusedunlessapprovedbythemanufac-tureroftheliquid-appliedmembrane,asthematerialmayinterferewiththebondofthemembranetothestructuralslab.6.9Dryness—Membranemanufacturer’srequirementsforsubstratedrynessvaryfrombeingvisiblydrytohavingaspecificmaximummoisturecontentasmeasuredbyamoisturemeter.Sincethereisalackofunanimityinthisregard,itisnecessarytomeetthemanufacturer’srequirementsfortheparticularmembranebeingapplied.

6.10Joints—Jointsinastructuralconcreteslabarehereinreferredtoasreinforcedjoints,nonreinforcedjoints,andexpansionjoints,asfollows:

6.10.1ReinforcedJoints—Reinforcedjointsconsistofhair-linecracks,coldjoints,constructionjoints,andcontroljointsheldtogetherwithreinforcingsteelbarsorwirefabric.Theseareconsideredstaticjointswithlittleornomovementantici-patedbecausetheslabreinforcementiscontinuousacrossthejoint.

6.10.2NonreinforcedJoints—Nonreinforcedjointsconsistofcracksorbuttedconstructionjointsandisolationjointsnotheldtogetherwithreinforcingsteelbarsorwirefabric.Thesejointsaregenerallyconsideredbythedesignerofthestructuralsystemasnonmovingorstaticjoints.However,theyshouldbeconsideredascapableofhavingsomemovement,themagni-tudeofwhichisdifficulttopredict.6.10.3ExpansionandSeismicJoints:

6.10.3.1Expansionjoints,asdifferentiatedfromcontroljoints,aredesignedtoaccommodatemovementinmorethanonedirection;areanintegralpartofthebuildingstructuralsystem;andaretobecarriedthroughtheentirestructure.Expansionjointsareincorporatedinthestructuralframetoreduceinternalstressescausedbywidetemperatureranges,ordifferentialmovement,orboth,betweenstructuralelements,asmightbethecaseinlargeadjoiningheatedandunheatedspaces;wheretherearedifferentfoundationsettlementcondi-tionsbetweenadjacentelements;orwheremovementsbetweenhighandlowattachedstructuresareanticipated.

6.10.3.2Seismicjointsareaspecialcaseinwhichthejointsaregenerallyquitelargeandaredesignedtolimitdamagetothestructuralframeduringearthquakes.

6.10.3.3Expansionandseismicjointsarebestlocatedatthehighpointsofcontouredsubstratestodeflectwaterawayfromthejoint.Forexpansionjointsdesignedforthermalmovementonly,themovementisexpectedtobeonlyinthehorizontalplane.Seismicjointsaredesignedtoaccommodatebothverticalandhorizontalmovement.Indetailingexpansionjointstoachievewater-tightness,theamountofmovementantici-patedshouldbecarefullydeterminedusingareasonablefactorofsafety.Theopeningsizeandconfigurationshouldthenberelatedtothecapabilityofthejointsealmaterialssoastoaccommodatetheanticipatedmovement.

6.10.4JointDesignUsingCold,Liquid-AppliedElasto-mericJointSealants—TheguidelinesprovidedinGuideC962shouldbefollowedforthejointsizeandconfigurationneededtoaccommodatetheanticipatedjointmovement.Jointprepa-ration,backupmaterialrequirements,andsealanttypeshouldalsoconformtotherequirementsdetailedinGuideC962.6.10.5JointDesignUsingCompressionSeals—Compressionsealsaredesignedtobecontinuouslyundercompressionthroughtheentirejointmovementrange.Therearetwomaintypesofjointdesigns:(1)thosewhichuseasteelanglecapatthefaceandsurfaceofthejointand(2)thosewhichuseacurveorbevelintheconcreteatthetopedgeofthejointface.Theuseofabeveledorcurvedfaceontheconcrete

isnotrecommendedbecauseofthedifficultyofmaintainingauniformcoatingoftheliquid-appliedmembraneonacurvedorbeveledsurface,thepossiblecompatibilityproblemsbetweenthemembraneandthecompressionsealanditslubricant/adhesive,andwaterpondingintherecessedsurfaceofthecompressionseal.Sincethereisnouniformrecommendedpracticeforthedesignandinstallationofcompressionsealexpansionjoints,thecompressionsealmanufacturershouldbecontactedforjointdesignandinstallationguidelines.AllcompressionsealmaterialsusedshouldmeettherequirementsofSpecificationD2628.

7.PrecastConcreteDecks

7.1General—Theapplicationofliquid-appliedelastomericmembranesdirectlytostructuralprecastconcretedecksisnotrecommended.Suchdecks,whichconsistofnumerousindi-vidualunitsorpanels,canhaveproblemsinmanyareas.Amongtheseproblemsareunsuitablesurfacefinishoftheindividualpanels,maintenanceofuniformityinlevelandproperslopeduringinstallation,uniformjointspacing,andinstallation,coverage,andprotectionoftheshearconnectors.Theindividualplanksaresubjecttodifferentialmovement(verticallyandhorizontally)atthepaneljoint,whichcouldoverstressamembraneandleadtoprematurefailureifthemembranewascarriedacrossthejoint.Apoured-in-place,reinforcedconcretetoppingslabappliedoveraprecastcon-cretedeckmaybeasuitablesubstratefortheliquid-appliedmembraneundercertainconditions.Itcanprovidethefinishandslopeuniformitynecessaryforproperdrainageandgeom-etryatcontroljoints.Shearconnectorsshouldbeusedtolimitmovementatjoints(exceptatexpansionjoints).Thetoppingslabshouldbebondedtotheprecastunitsandthecontroljointscenteredovertheprecastunitjoints.

7.2ToppingSlab—Thetoppingslabshouldbeofamini-mumthicknesstomeetthedesignrequirementsandshouldconformtotherequirementsof6.1-6.4.

7.2.1ToppingSlabReinforcement—Thetoppingslabshouldbereinforcedwithmetalmeshorbarstoreducethepossibilityofcrackgrowthandtocontrolthedifferentialmovement(horizontalandverticalshear)inthecontroljoints.7.3ControlJoints—Acontroljointshouldbeplacedaboveeachjunctionwheretwoprecastunitsarebuttedtogether.Thejointshouldbeaminimumof13mm(1⁄2in.)wideand25mm(1in.)deep.

7.4ToppingSlabTreatment—Thetoppingslabshouldcon-formtotherequirementsofSection6inallrespectsofslope,drainage,finish,curing,dryness,andjointdesign.

8.PlywoodSubstrate

8.1General—Plywooddecksarenormallyusedonlyinpedestrianapplications,suchaswalkwaysandbalconieswherelighttomoderateloadsareexpected.

8.2Grade—Allplywoodshouldbeidentifiedasconform-ingtoPS1forconstructionandindustrialplywoodbythegrade,trademarksoftheAmericanPlywoodAssociation,orequivalent.Formaximumsmoothness,EXTTypeAPA,GradeA-Cshouldbeused.The“A”sideshouldbepositionedtoreceivethecoating.

8.3Placement—Selectplywoodthicknessandattachment

methodsasindicatedintheAPAPlywoodConstructionGuideandotherAPAliterature,usingonlynonrustingscrew,spiral,orcoated-nailtypefasteners.Anoptionwouldbetorecessorcountersinkfasteners1⁄8to1⁄4in.andsealwithacompatiblesealant.Suitableedgesupporttopreventdifferentialdeflectionbetweenpanelsshouldbeprovided.Paneledgesshouldbetongueandgrooveorsupportedonsolidblocking.Spacepanels3to5mm(1⁄8to3⁄16in.)atpanelends.Thespacedirectlybelowtheplywoodshouldbeventedtotheexteriorandbelowtheventedspaceshouldbeavaporbarrieroveroccupiedspaceordampareastomaintainasdryaconditionaspossiblefortheplywoodanditssupports.

8.4Finish—ThefinishoftheplywoodshouldbeconsistentwiththegradeaccordingtoPS1.8.5JointTreatment:

8.5.1PanelSpacingJoints—Jointsbetweenplywoodpan-elsshouldbefilledflushwithasealantcompatiblewiththecoatingsystem,asrecommendedbythecoatingmanufacturer.Priortoinstallingthesealant,thejointsshouldbedryandsweptorblowncleanofdust,dirt,anddebris.

8.5.2ExpansionJoints—Expansionjointsarenotnecessaryinplywooddecksunlessrequiredbecauseofotherfactorsinthebuildingconstruction.Ifsuchjointsexistinthebuildingstructure,themembraneshouldbeterminatedoneithersideofthejoint,butinsuchamannerastoprovideawatertightsealatthejointinterface.

9.IncidentalSubstrates

9.1General—Allincidentalsubstratessuchasmetal,plas-tic,andcoatedmaterialsshouldbecast-in-placeorotherwisefirmlyanchoredtopreventanyhorizontalshearofthemem-brane.Jointsatedgesofanysubstratethatisnotfirmlyanchoredshouldbetreatedasexpansionjointsterminatingonthedecksubstrate.

9.2Patching,Leveling,andToppingCompounds—Patching,leveling,andtoppingcompoundsareusedtorepairconcretedecksandprovideproperslopeandfinishtothedeck.Somecompounds,particularlythosecontainingpolymeric,latex,orotherorganicchemicalmaterials,mayhavepooradhesionwiththemembrane.Themembranemanufacturershouldbeconsultedtodeterminethecompatibilityofthesecompoundswiththemembrane.Patching,leveling,andtop-pingcompounds,whenused,mustbewellcuredandmeetthedrynesstestsin6.3and6.9.

10.Membrane

10.1General—Aliquid-appliedwaterproofingmembranehasthecapabilityofadheringtothesubstrateandshouldbeappliedsoastotakeoptimumadvantageofthisinherentcharacteristic.Withoutthisadhesion,awaterproofingmem-branewithintegralwearingsurfacecouldbetornloosewitheventhelightesttraffic,leadingrapidlytocompletemembranefailure.Watervaporthatcondensesatthemembrane/concreteinterface,orwaterdiffusingthroughthemembrane,canactattheinterfacetodestroytheadhesionofthemembranetotheconcrete.

10.1.1Thedetectionofleakageinabuildingdeckwater-proofingsystemcouldbeasignificantproblemwhenthewaterproofingmembraneisnotbondedtothestructuralslab.

Waterpenetratinganunbondedmembranecouldmigratelaterallyunderthemembraneuntilreachingacrackordefectinthestructuralslabandthenleakthroughtothespacebelow.Leakagethroughtheslab,therefore,wouldnotnecessarilyindicatethelocationofthewaterentryinthemembraneabove.10.1.2SystemsthatmeettherequirementsofSpecificationC957couldbeexpectedtobridgereinforcedhairlinecracksthatdevelopaftertheundersurfaceislaid.Thesystemsarenotdesignedtobridgedynamic,unreinforcedcracksthatdevelopunderthemembrane.

10.2SurfacePreparation:

10.2.1ConcreteSurfacePreparation—Concretesurfacesshouldbepreparedaccordingtothemembranemanufacturer’srecommendationstoremovelaitanceandotherunwantedmatter.Suchpreparationmayincludeeitheranacidetchormechanicalabrasion(suchassandblast,waterblast,scarify-ing,orgrinding)oracombinationofmechanicalabrasionfollowedbyanacidetch.Notethatthechlorideionsthatresultwhenmuratic(hydrochloric)acidisusedastheacidmaycontributetochloride-ioninducedcorrosionofthereinforcingsteel.Theconcretemustbethoroughlyrinsedandallowedtodrybeforestartinganypreparatorywork.

10.2.2PlywoodSurfacePreparation—Thewoodsurfaceshouldbecleanedofalldirt,dust,anddebrisbysweepingorbyanairblast.Allcontaminantsshouldberemoved.Washingtheplywoodsurfacewithdetergentandwaterisnotrecom-mended.Theabsorbedmoisturecancausepooradhesionandformbubblesandblistersifthemembraneisappliedtoamoistdeck,andanydetergentfilmremainingonthedeckmaycausepooradhesionofthemembrane.

10.2.3MetalSurfacePreparation—Removeanyweldslag,flux,andburrsandgrindweldssmooth.CleantoabrightmetalfinishwithpowerwirebrushinaccordancewithSSPCSP2,orpreferablysandblasttoanSSPCSP-6finish.Donotburnishthesubstrate.Coatwithaprimerorananticorrosionfinishfollowedbyaprimerassoonaspossible.Themetalshouldbecoatedbeforeanyrustbloomforms.

10.2.4Plastics,Paints,andOtherCoatings—Wipethesubstratewiththesolventorcleaningsolutionspecifiedbythemembranemanufactureruntilallcontaminationhasbeenremoved.Applytheprimeraccordingtothemanufacturer’srequirements.

10.2.5CleaningSubstrates—Alldust,dirt,andanytypeofcontaminationshouldberemovedbyairblast,vacuuming,orsweeping.Contaminationfromoilorsimilarmaterialsshouldberemovedfromthesubstrate.Ifanairblastisused,cautionshouldbetakentopreventoilorwaterfromtheaircompressorfromgettingintotheairlineandcontaminatingthesubstrates.10.2.6Primers—Whenrequiredbythemembranemanu-facturer,eachsubstrateshouldbeprimedwiththeprimerspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturerforthatsubstrate(steel,iron,brass,aluminum,metal,wood,concrete,plastic,coating,etc.)andallowedtodryasspecified.

10.3Application—Themembraneshouldbeappliedunderdry,frost-freeconditions.Thefrost-freeconditionshouldexistthroughoutthedepthoftheconcreteslab,andnotsimplyonthesurface.Membranemanufacturers’requirementsforsub-stratedrynessaredescribedin6.9.Excessivemoistureinthesubstrate(see6.3and6.5),ormoistureonthesurface(see6.9)(asfromfrostorrain),mayresultinamembranethathasanimpropercurewithexcessivegaspocketsbeingformed,haslittleornoadhesiontothesubstrate,andmaygivepoorservice.Incaserainorsnowinterruptstheapplicationafteratleastonecoatofmaterialhasbeenapplied,themembranemanufacturer’sdirectionsshouldbefollowedpertainingtoanynecessarytreatmentofthecured,alreadyappliedmaterialbeforecontinuingtheapplicationprocess.

10.4TerminalConditions—Fourlocationswherealiquid-appliedmembraneisnormallyterminatedorinterruptedareonwalls,atdrains,atpenetrations,andatexpansionjoints.Theimportantconsiderationatterminalconditionsistopreventwaterfrompenetratingthesubstrateorbehindthemembraneatitsedge.

10.4.1TerminationonWallsorOtherVerticalSurfaces—Themembraneshouldbeturnedupatverticalsurfacestoeliminatethepossibilityofpondedsurfacewaterpenetratingthewallabovethemembraneandrunningdownbehinditintothebuilding.Theminimumsafeheightofsuchaterminationisdictatedbytheopportunityforconditionssuchaspondinganddriftingsnowthatmaybepresentedbythebuilding’sgeometryandenvironment.Themembranemaybecontinuedfartherupthewallforaestheticreasons.Theaggregateisrarelycontinuedupthewall.Thepossibilityofwaterenteringthroughjointsorcracksinthesurfaceofthewallbehindthecoatedsurfacemustbeexamined.Waterenteringbehindthecoatedsurfaceisheldbythemembraneandconsequentlyactstodestroytheadhesivebondbetweenthemembraneandthewall.Wherethispossi-bilityexists(asdeterminedbythebuilding’sgeometryandenvironment),waterprooftheoppositesurfaceordeviseawayforthewatertogetoutwithoutgettingunderthedeckcoatingmembrane.

10.4.1.1DecktoVerticalSurfaceDynamicJoints—Anyjunctionofthehorizontaldeckandaverticalsurfacethatiscapableofmovementgreaterthan3.2mm(0.125in.)inanydirectionshouldbetreatedasanexpansionjoint,inaccordancewith6.10.3.Junctionsthatmovelessthan3.2mm(0.125in.)shouldbetreatedinaccordancewith14.6.1.

10.4.2TerminationatDrains—Drainsshouldbedesignedwitha50-mm(2-in.)wide(minimum)flangeasanintegralpart.Thedrainshouldbecastintheslabwhenthedeckisplacedwiththetopoftheflangesetflushwithorslightlybelowthesurfaceoftheslab.Thewideflangeprovidesaterminationpointfortheliquid-appliedmembranewithoutendangeringthefunctionofthemembraneorthedrain.

10.4.3TerminationatPenetrations—Penetrationsorprotru-sionsintoorthroughthesurfacebysuchitemsasconduitsorservicepipescreatecriticalproblemsandshouldbeavoidedwhereverpossible.Suchcriticallocationsarebesttreatedbycastingapipesleeveintothestructuralslab(seeFig.2).Suchasleevemaybecastinthedeckduringthemainpour,ormaybeboxedoutandcastatalaterdate.

10.4.3.1Asecondmethodinvolvescuttingacoreholeinthedeckandputtingasleevehavingawideflangeintothehole.Itismoredifficulttomaintainawaterproofsealusingthissecondtypeofsleeveandistheleastpreferredmethod(seeFig.3).10.4.4TreatmentatJoints—Jointsinthestructuralslab

FIG.2TerminationatCast-in-PlaceSleeve(ProtrusionInstalled)

(see10.4.3,14.6.3.1,14.6.3.2,and14.6.3.4)

FIG.3TerminationataCore-DrilledSleeveHavingaWideFlange

(see10.4.3,14.6.3.3,and14.6.3.4)

shouldbetreatedasfollows,dependingonwhethertheyarereinforcedjoints,nonreinforcedjoints,orexpansionjoints:10.4.4.1TreatmentofReinforcedJointsorCracks—Fig.4indicatesonerecommendedtreatmentofreinforcedconcretejointsinthestructuralslab.Thedesignershouldrealizethattheelongationcapacityofthistypeofdetailisquitelimitedandimplicitlyreliesonthemembrane’scrack-bridgingabilitytowithstandthestrainsimposedbytheopeningofcracksandreinforcedjoints.Alternatively,preventthemembranefromadheringtothesubstrateforafinitewidthcenteredonthejoint

(a)HairlineCrackTreatment

(b)TreatmentofCracksWiderthan1.6mm(0.063in.)

FIG.4TreatmentofReinforcedCracksandJoints(see10.4.4.1,

14.5.1,and14.5.2)orcrackbyemployingaproperlydesignedcompatiblebond-breakertape.

10.4.4.2TreatmentatNonreinforcedJoints—Nonreinforcedjointsthatareinrealitynonmovingcouldbetreatedinthesamemannerasreinforcedjoints.However,sincethejointsarenotheldtogetherwithreinforcingsteel,somemovement,howeverslight,shouldbeanticipatedandprovidedforsincetheliquid-appliedmembranehaslimitedabilitytotakemovement.Nonreinforcedjointscouldopenduetosuchfactorsasshrink-age,creep,andthermalcontraction.Fig.5showsanon-reinforcedbuttedjointthatiscapableofexpanding3.2mm(1⁄8in.),theminimumthatshouldbeprovidedforwhenusingasealantcapableof625%movement.Theminimumsealantwidthshouldbecorrespondinglywiderwithasealanthavinglessermovementcapability.Ifthedesignerofthestructuralsystemfeelsthatgreatermovementthan3.2mm(1⁄8in.)couldoccurinsuchjoints,theyshouldbetreatedasexpansionjoints.10.4.4.3TreatmentofExpansionJoints—Expansionjointsaredesignedtoaccommodateapredeterminedamountofmovement.Suchmovementcouldbeduetothermalchange,shrinkage,creep,deflection,orotherfactorsandcombinationsoffactors.Becausewaterproofingmembraneswithintegralwearingsurfacesgenerallyhavelimitedelongationcapacity,theyshouldnotbecontinuedoveranexpansionjoint.Rather,themembraneshouldterminateoneithersideoftheexpansionjoint.Thus,thedesignoftheexpansionjointcanbemadeseparatefromthedesignofthewaterproofingmembraneexceptthatthebasecoatortopcoatofthemembranemustbeappliedoveranymetalflashingorflangesusedinthedesignoftheexpansionjoint.Aguttersystemmaybeprovidedundertheexpansionjointforasecondarylineofdefenseagainstleakage.11.DrainageSystem

11.1General—Drainageshouldbeconsideredasatotalsystemwithparticularemphasisontherateofflowintothedrain.

11.2RequirementsforDrainageatMembraneLevel—Itisessentialthatwaterberemovedfromthemembranelevelforthefollowingreasons:

11.2.1Toavoidbuildingupapressureheadagainstthemembraneandparticularlyagainstthemorevulnerablesplicesandjointsinthesystem.

11.2.2Toavoidfreeze-thawcyclingoftrappedwater,whichcoulddisruptthewearingcourse.

11.2.3Tominimizethedeleteriouseffectprolonged,und-rainedwatercouldhaveonthemembrane,andparticularlyontheadhesionofthemembranetothesubstrate.

11.3RecommendationsforDrainageofMembraneLevel:11.3.1Slopethesubstrateunderthemembraneaminimum

FIG.5TreatmentofNonreinforcedCracksandJoints(see

10.4.4.2and14.5.3)

of11mm/m(1⁄8in./ft).

11.3.2Slopethesubstrateunderthemembranesoastodrainawayfromexpansionjointsandwalls.

11.3.3Drainsshouldhaveanintegralflangeatleast5mm(2in.)wideforadherenceandbondingwiththeconcreteslab

andalsoforterminationoftheliquid-appliedmembrane,withsufficientroomforanadhesivebond.Theflangeshouldbesetlevelwithorjustslightlybelowthesubstratesurface.

MINIMUMGUIDESPECIFICATIONS

12.Certification,Marking,Shipping,Preservation,and

Safety12.1Certification:

12.1.1Whenrequested,manufacturer’slaboratorycertifica-tionattestingthatthematerialsconformtoSpecificationC957requirementsshallbemadeavailabletothepurchaserbeforedeliveryofmaterialstotheprojectsite.Completedocumenta-tion,includingareferencedmethod,thematerialspecificationlimits,andtypicaltestresults,shallbemadeavailableonrequest.Suchcertificationshallbecurrentwithresultsobtainedfromtestsperformednoearlierthanthreeyearsfromtheawardofthecontract.Aseparatecertificationshallbeattachedindicatingqualitycontrolresultsontheshippedmaterialcomparedtotypicalvaluesortherangeofvaluesofqualitycontrolresults,andidentifiedbybatchorlotnumbers.

12.1.2Independentlaboratorycertificationshallcontaincompletedocumentation,includingareferencedtestmethod,thematerialspecificationlimits,andtestresults.Suchcertifi-cationshallbemadeavailablebeforedeliveryofmaterialstotheprojectsite,attestingthatthematerialsconformtothespecificationrequirements.Suchcertificationsshallbecurrentwithresultsobtainedfromtestsperformednoearlierthanthreeyearsfromtheawardofcontract.Ifapurchaserdesiresindependentcertificationonanylotofmaterialdeliveredoracurrentcertificationofthematerial,thiscostshallbenegoti-atedbetweenthemanufacturerandthepartyrequestingcerti-fication.

12.2MarkingandShipping—Theliquidappliedmembranematerialsshallbedeliveredundamagedtotheprojectsiteinoriginal,sealedcontainers,clearlyidentifiedastocontents,themanufacturer’sname,shelflife,andprecautionsonflamma-bilityandtoxicity.Themanufacturer’swritteninstructionsforapplicationproceduresshallbeavailable.Dentedpailsareacceptableaslongasthesealisunbrokenandthemembranematerialwithinisnotdamaged.

12.3HandlingandStorage—Properhandling,storage,andprotectionofwaterproofingmaterialsareessential.Sincesomewaterproofingmaterialsaresusceptibletomoisturedamageandabsorption,optimumstorageandprotectionisinawater-tightenclosure.Whenjobconditionsmakethisunrealistic,materialsshall,asaminimum,bestoredoffthegroundordeckonpalletsandcoveredaboveandonallsidesandendswithbreathable-typecanvastarpaulins.Plasticsheetsshallnotbeusedastheypermitcondensationbuild-upunderthem.Mate-rialsshallbestoredandusedinaccordancewiththemanufac-turer’sspecifications.

12.4Safety—Wherehazardousmaterialsareinvolved,rigidadherencetothespecialprecautionsofthemanufacturer,as

modifiedbylocal,state,andfederalauthorities,shallbefollowed.

13.Materials

13.1Drains—Seeanalysisin10.4.2.

13.2PipeSleeves—Seeanalysisin10.4.3.

13.3Membrane—Theliquid-appliedmembraneshallbeinconformancewithSpecificationC957.

13.4MembranePrimer—Primers,whenrequiredorrecom-mendedbythemanufactureroftheliquid-appliedmembraneforoptimumperformance,shallbeasrecommendedandsuppliedbythemanufactureroftheliquid-appliedmembrane.13.5Aggregate—Aggregateshallbecleananddry,andsievegraded.Thesievesizerange,type,hardness,andquantityusedshallbeinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’srequire-mentsfortheparticularapplication.

13.6Top(Color)Coat—Thetopcoatshallbecompatiblewiththebasecoatandaggregateandasrecommendedorsuppliedbythemanufactureroftheliquid-appliedbasecoat.Thetopcoatcolorshallcontrastincolororhuewiththebasecoatoraggregate,orboth,toassureapplicationcompletenessandin-serviceresidual.

13.7FlashingCompound—Flashingcompounds,whenre-quiredorrecommendedbythemanufactureroftheliquid-appliedmembraneforoptimumperformance,shallbeasrecommendedorsuppliedbythemanufactureroftheliquid-appliedmembrane.

13.8Sealant—Sealantforuseinnonreinforcedbuttedjointsinastructuralconcreteslabshallbeanelastomericsealantcompatiblewiththeliquidmembraneasrecommendedorsuppliedbythemanufactureroftheliquid-appliedmembrane,andconformingtoSpecificationC920.Thecompatibilitybetweentheliquid-appliedmembraneandthesealantshallbeapprovedbythemanufactureroftheliquid-appliedmembrane.Thesealantshallbecuredasrecommendedbythemembranemanufacturerbeforeapplicationofanycoatofthemembrane.13.9SealantPrimer—Aprimer,whenrequiredorrecom-mendedbythemanufacturerofthesealantforoptimumadhesionofthesealanttothejointinterface,shallbeasrecommendedbyorsuppliedbysealantmanufacturerandshallbecompatiblewiththeliquid-appliedmembrane.Thecompat-ibilityofthesealantprimerwiththeliquid-appliedmembraneshallbedeterminedbythemanufactureroftheliquid-appliedmembrane.

13.10SealantBacking,TypeA—Sealantbackingshallbeacellularrod,compatiblewiththesealant,havingadiameter25%largerthanthejointwidthor,ifgreater,shallbeinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’srecommendations.

13.11SealantBacking,TypeB—Sealantbackingshallbea

closed-cellpolyethylenestripofthedepthindicatedand25%widerthanthejointatthetimeofinstallation.

13.12SealantBacking,TypeC—SealantbackingshallbeapremoldedstripinconformancewithSpecificationD1752.13.13BondBreaker—Bondbreakersshallbecompatibletypesasrecommendedbythemanufactureroftheliquidappliedmembrane.Thebondbreakershallnotinterferewiththecuringprocessorotherperformancepropertiesoftheliquidappliedmembrane.

13.14CompressionSeals—Compressionsealsshallcon-formtothemostrecentrevisionofSpecificationD2628.Thecompatibilitybetweentheliquid-appliedmembraneandthecompressionsealantanditslubricant/adhesiveshallbedeter-minedbythemembranemanufacturer.

14.SubstratePreparation

14.1General—Inorderforthesubstratetoprovideforthegreatestadhesionbythemembrane,preparethesurfaceofthesubstrateasrequiredfortheparticularmaterial.Thesurfacepreparationofplywoodsubstratesisdescribedin10.2.2,andforotherincidentalsubstratesin10.2.3and10.2.4.Thefinishforconcretesubstrates,eithercast-in-placedeckoratoppingslaboveraprecastdeck,isdescribedin6.7.

14.1.1ConcreteSurfacePreparation—Preparetheconcretesurfaceaccordingtothemembranemanufacturer’srecommen-dationsasdescribedin10.2.1.Lackofvigorousfoamingduringanacidetchisanindicationthataconcretecuringagent,whichcouldinterferewithadhesionofthemembranetotheconcrete,maybepresentonthesurface.Usemechanicalabrasionorchemicalremovaltoremovethissurfacecoatuntilvigorousfoamingoccurswithacid.Thoroughlyrinseaftertheacidetch.Continuemechanicalabrasionorchemicalremovaluntiltheconcretefoamsvigorouslywhentestedwithacidonseveralplacesthroughoutthedeck,indicatingtheabsenceofaninterferingsurfacecoating.Removealldustandotherresidueduetomechanicalabrasionfromthesurfacewithanairblastorbyvacuuming.

14.2Substrates—Concretesurfacesshallbefreeoflaitance,andallsurfacesshallbefreeoflooseaggregate,sharpprojections,grease,oil,dirt,curingcompounds,paintorothercoatings(primersexcepted),orothercontaminantsthatcouldaffectthecompletebondingoftheliquid-appliedmembranetotheconcretesurface.Donotproceedwiththeapplicationuntilallprotrusionsandprojectionsthroughthestructuralslabareinplace,oruntilplacingsleevesthroughtheslab,andmakingprovisiontosecuretheirwatertightness.See14.6.3.Allsub-stratesshallbevisiblydryandpassanyadditionaldrynesstestsrecommendedbytheliquid-appliedmembranemanufacturerpriortoapplication.

14.3Examination—Inspectthesubstrate,includingallpen-etrationsandterminalconditions,todeterminethesuitabilityforapplicationoftheliquid-appliedmembranewaterproofing.Donotproceedwiththeinstallationwithoutmakingcorrec-tionsofanyadverseconditions.Notifyallpartiesconcernedofanyunacceptableconditionsforresolutionpriortoproceeding.Anypatchingcompoundsusedtorepairunacceptableconcretesurfaceconditionsshallmeettherequirementsof9.2.

14.4EnvironmentalConditions—Donotbeginwaterproof-ingworkatambienttemperaturesbelow5°C(40°F)orwhen

thereisanythreatofinclementweather(rainorsnow)withouttakingprecautionstoeliminatefrostfromthesubstrateortopreventitsformationduringtheapplication.Seeanalysisin10.3.Donotapplysealant,primers,ormembranematerialsuntiladequateventilationisavailabletopreventanybuild-upofsolventorothervapors.

14.5PreparationofCracksandJoints:

14.5.1NarrowReinforcedCracksorJoints—Treatallrein-forcedcracksorjointswhicharenotmorethan1.6mm(1⁄16in.)widewithapreparatorycoatasfollows(seeFig.2).Primethereinforcedjointsareaasrequiredbythemembranemanu-facturer.Fillthejointwiththewaterproofingmembraneandextendthewaterproofingmembrane75mm(3in.)toeachsideofthejointataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer.

14.5.2WideReinforcedCracksandJoints—Sawcutorrouteallreinforcedcracksorjointswhicharegreaterthan1.6mm(1⁄16in.).Cleanthecracksandjointsandinsertabond-breakertapeorsealant.Fillthejointflushwithacompatiblesealant.Afterthesealanthascured,primethejointareaasrecommendedbythemembranemanufacturerandthencoattheareawiththemembraneataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer,extending75mm(3in.)toeachsidewiththejoint(seeFig.2).

14.5.3NonreinforcedJointsandAllControlJoints—Sawcutorroutethenonreinforcedjointstoawidthof13to19mm(0.5to0.75in.)andaminimumdepthof13mm(0.5in.),andcleanthemofalldirt,dust,andlooseconcrete.Insertsealantbackingorbond-breakertapetocontrolthesealantdepthasrequiredbythesealantmanufacturerandthejointprimed,ifrequired.Fillthejointflushwithacompatiblesealant.Afterthesealanthascured,primethejointareaandthencoatwiththewaterproofingmembraneataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufac-turer,extended75mm(3in.)toeachsideofthejoint(seeFig.5).Applyabond-breakertapebetweenthesealantandthepreparatorycoatofthemembraneifrecommendedbythemanufacturer.

14.5.4PlywoodPanelJoints—Ifrecommendedbythemanufacturer,installsealantbackingorbond-breakertapeandprimethejoint.Fillthejointflushwithacompatiblesealantandallowtocure.Coatthesealantwiththemembraneataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer,extending75mm(3in.)toeachsideofthejoint(seeFig.6).

14.5.5ControlJointinToppingSlab—Asanalyzedin7.1and7.3,centeracontroljointovereachjunctionoftheprecastunits.Routethejointtoaminimumwidthof13mm(0.5in.)andadepthof25mm(1in.).Cleanthejointandinserta

FIG.6TreatmentofPlywoodPanelJoints(see8.5.1and14.5.4)

sealantbackingtocontrolthedepthofthesealant.Primethejointasrequired,andfillwithacompatiblesealant,whichshallbeallowedtocure.Coatthejointwiththemembraneataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer,extending75mm(3in.)toeachsideofthejoint(seeFig.7).

14.5.6ExpansionJoints—Apreparatorycoatofthemem-braneshallextendaminimumof150mm(6in.)onthedeckfromtheexpansionjointataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.2in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer.Asanalyzedin10.4.4.3,themembraneshallterminateatthejoint.SeeFig.8foratypicalexpansionjointconfiguration.14.5.7ExpansionJointsUsingCompressionSeals—Compressionsealjointshaveeitheranarmored(steelangle)edgeorabevelededge.

14.5.7.1Armored(SteelAngle)Edge—Castthesteelangleintotheconcrete.Cutorroutea6.4by6.4-mm(0.25by0.25-in.)jointattheedgeoftheangle.Clean,primeandfillthejointflushwithacompatiblesealant.Afterthesealanthascured,primethesteelandconcretesubstratesasrequiredbythemembranemanufacturer.Applyapreparatorycoatofthemembraneataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.2in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer,extendingaminimumof75mm(3in.)ontothedeckandterminatingonthesteelangle(seeFig.9(a)).

14.5.7.2BeveledEdge—Installthecompressionsealandallowanylubricant/adhesivetocurebeforeinstallingthemembrane.Primethejointareaasrequiredbythemembranemanufacturer.Applyapreparationcoatofanon-saggradeofthemembraneataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer,extendingontothedeckaminimumof75mm(3in.)toeachsideofthejoint,andcarrieddowntocontacttheedgeofthecompressionseal.Theadditionalcoatsofthemembraneappliedtothistypeofjointshallalsobeanon-saggrade.Themembraneshallterminateatthecompressionsealandshallnotextendacrosstheseal(seeFig.9(b)).Asdiscussedin6.10.5,thisisnotarecommendedjointdesign.

14.6PreparationatTerminations:

14.6.1PreparationatWallsorOtherVerticalSurfaces—Prepareallverticalsurfaceswhichdonotneedtobetreatedasexpansionjoints,asanalyzedin10.4.1.1,asfollows:

14.6.1.1Onanyconcretewallswhicharepouredontothedeckwithoutreinforcement,cementblockwalls,brickwalls,

FIG.7TreatmentofControlJointsinaToppingSlab(see7.1,7.2,

7.3,and14.5.5)

FIG.8TypicalExpansionJoint(see10.4.4.3and14.5.6)

(a)ArmoredJoint

(b)BeveledConcreteEdge

FIG.9TypicalCompressionSealJoint(see10.4.4.3and14.5.7)

plywood,ormetalwalls,vertical-to-horizontaloranyotherjunctionswhichhaveapotentialmovementbetween1.6mm(0.063in.)and3.2mm(0.125in.),useabondbreakertapeorsealantbacking,extending13mm(0.5in.)toeachsideofthejunction,asshowninFig.10,tocoverthejunction.Thenbuildaminimum25by25-mm(1by1-in.)cantinatriangularshapeoverthebondbreakerusinganapprovedcompatiblesealantcapableofmeetingSpecificationC920,Class25,GradeNS.Allowthesealanttocureinaccordancewiththemanufactur-er’sinstructions.Primethehorizontalandverticalsubstratesas

NOTE1—Dimensionshallbe25mm(1in.)foranonreinforcedbuttjoint(movementbetween1.6mm(0.063in.)and3.2mm(0.125in.))or13mm(0.5in.)forareinforcedjointasshown(movementlessthan1.6mm(0.063in.)).

FIG.10TerminationataVerticalSurface(see10.4.1.1and14.6.1)

requiredbythemanufacturer.Applyapreparatorycoatofthemembraneoverthesealantataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufac-turer,extending150mm(6in.)outonthehorizontalsurfaceandaminimumof150mm(6in.)uptheverticalwall(seeFig.8).Thepreparatorycoatandthefullmembraneshallextenduptothesafeheightofthewall,asanalyzedin10.4.1.

14.6.1.2Anyconcretewallsorcolumnswhicharetiedintothedeckwithreinforcement,curbswhicharecastinwiththemaindeckpour,verticalmetalsurfacewellanchoredtothedeck,verticalwoodsurfacewellfastenedtoaplywooddeckoranyothervertical-to-horizontaljunctionwhichwillnotmovemorethan1.6mm(0.063in.)inanydirectionshallhaveaminimum12by12-mm(0.5by0.5-in.)cantbuiltofanapprovedcompatiblesealant.Afterthesealanthascured,applythepreparatorycoatasin14.6.1.1.

14.6.2PreparationatDrains—Cleanandprimethemetalsurfaceoftheflangeasanalyzedin10.2.3and10.2.6.Fillanyshrinkagecracksorgapsbetweentheslabandthedrainwiththewaterproofingmembraneoracompatiblesealant,inaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sinstructions,asdescribedin14.5.Treattheflangewithapreparatorycoatofthemembraneataminimumthicknessof0.50mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer,extending150mm(6in.)outontothesurfaceofthedeck(seeFig.11).Useasecondmethodofterminationwhenitisnecessarytouseadrainwhichdoesnothavetherecommendedwideflangeonthetop.Placeanunsaturated,inertsealantbackingabout19mm(0.75in.)wideand12mm(0.5in.)higharoundthetopoutsidesurfaceofthedrainbeforepouringthedeck.Thetopofthedrainshallbeflushwithorslightlybelowthesurfaceofthedeck.Removethesealantbackingandcleantheexposedconcreteandmetalsurfacesbysandblasting.Cleanthemetaltoabrightfinish,andremovealllaitancefromtheconcrete.Primethemetalandconcretesurfacesasrecommendedbythemanufacturer,anduseacompatiblesealanttofillthegapandthentoolthesealanttoprovideasurfacelevelwiththeslab.Allowcuringtimeandthencleanandprimethesealantinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sinstructionsbeforeapply-ingthemembrane.Applythepreparatorycoatofthemembraneataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer,carryingdownintothedrainandextendingit75mm(3in.)ontothedeck(seeFig.12).

14.6.3PreparationatPenetrations—Asanalyzedin10.4.3,allpenetrationsshallgothroughasleeve.Treatmentofthethreetypesofsleevesisasfollows:

14.6.3.1TreatmentofCast-in-PlaceSleeve—Cleanandprimethemetalsurfaceasdescribedin10.2.3and10.2.6.Buildaminimum13by13-mm(0.5by0.5-in.)cantina

FIG.11TerminationatDrainwithaWideFlange(see10.4.2and

14.6.2)

FIG.12TerminationatDrainwithaNarrowFlange(see10.4.2

and14.6.2)

triangularshapeusingasealantwhichmeetsSpecificationC920,GradeNS,Type25.Allowthesealanttocureinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sinstructions.Givethesleeveapreparatorycoatofthemembraneataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer,extending150mm(6in.)ontothehorizontalsurfaceand75mm(3in.)abovethecantontheverticalsurfaceorabovetheexpectedwaterline,whicheverishigher(seeFig.2).

14.6.3.2TreatmentofCase-in-a-BoxSleeve—Treatthesleeveprojectionasin14.6.3.1.Treattheconcretejointasaconstructionjoint,asdescribedin14.5.1(seeFig.11).

14.6.3.3TreatmentofCoreDrilledSleeve—Seeanalysisin10.4.3.Cleanandprimethemetalsurfaceasdescribedin10.2.3and10.2.6.ApplyabeadofanapprovedcompatiblesealantcapableofmeetingSpecificationC920,GradeNS,Type25,attheedgeofthesleeve’sflange,extending25mm(1in.)outontotheconcretesurfaceandallowtocure.Applyapreparatorycoatofthemembraneataminimumthicknessof0.5mm(0.02in.)orgreater,asspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer,toextend150mm(6in.)onthehorizontalsurface;completelycoverthehorizontalsurfaceoftheflange,includingtheheadsoftheanchorbolts;andextend75mm(3in.)uptheverticalsurfaceofthesleeve.Themembraneshallterminateabovetheexpectedwaterlineontheverticalsurfaceofthesleeve(seeFig.3).

14.6.3.4SealingtheSleeve—Whenaconduitorotherpro-trusionisinstalledinthesleeve,agapwillexistbetweenthatprotrusionandthesleeve.Sealthisgapwhentheprotrusionisinstalled.

14.7Curing—Allowallpreparatorycoatstocureamini-mumof24h.Cleanandprimethepreparatorycoatsasrequiredbythemembranemanufacturerbeforebeginningtheapplicationofthefullmembrane.Thefullmembraneshallcompletelyoverlapthepreparatorycoats.

15.MembraneInstallation

15.1SurfacePreparation—Completeallpreparationofsur-faces,cracksorjoints,andterminationpoints,includingallrequiredpriming,beforeapplyingthemonolithicliquid-appliedmembrane.Ifrequired,primenotmorethan24hbeforebeginningapplicationofthemembrane.

15.2Primer—Primetheoverallsubstrateifrequiredbythemembranemanufacturer.Applytheprimerandallowittocureinstrictaccordancewiththemembranemanufacturer’sprintedinstructions.

15.3MembranePreparation—Donotopenthemembranecontainersuntilimmediatelybeforeuse.Inspectthesurfaceoftheliquidforpossibleskinformation.Removeanyskinorothergelledparticles.Mixthemulti-partsystemsaccordingto

themanufacturer’sinstructions,takingcaretoobtainahomo-geneousblendfreeofentrappedairbubbles.

15.4MembraneApplication—Applythemembranedirectlytothedeckbyaspraygunorbyspreadingwithanotchedsqueegeeorroller.Followtheinstructionsofthemanufacturerinallrespectswithregardtomethodofapplication;rateofapplication(thicknessofthemembranelayer);numberofcoatsappliedandthicknessofeachcoat;cureintervalsbetweensuccessiveapplications;method,type,andtimingofapplica-tionofaggregate(whenused);andcuretimenecessarybeforeusageofthedeck.Avoidentrappingairbubblesduringmembraneapplication.Checkwetfilmthicknessevery9m2(100ft2)bytheapplicator,usingawet-filmgage.Maintainthewetfilmthicknessgreaterthantheminimumwetfilmthicknessspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer.Wherepossible,markoffthesurfacetobecoatedinevenunitstofacilitatepropercoverage.Whenthemembraneisappliedbyspray,theconcentrationofvaporshallnotexceedthemanufacturer’srequirement.

NOTE1—Precaution:Inadditiontootherprecautions,theapplicatorsshallwearmaskswhennecessarytoavoidinhalingandingestingthematerials.Donotallowthemembranematerialstogetontoorremainontheskin.Assureadequateventilationbeforeapplyingthemembranematerials.

15.5MembraneTerminationandRestart—Whenitisnec-essarytostopworkformorethanashortperiodoftime(1to2h),terminatethemembraneinastraightline.Whenthemembraneapplicationisreadytoberesumed,cleanthepreviouslyappliedmembrane(andprimeifrequiredbythemanufacturer)150mm(6in.)backfromtheedgeofthemembrane.Thefreshlyappliedmembraneshalloverlapthepreviousmembrane150mm(6in.)andthenshallcontinueoutontothedeck.

16.MembraneRepair,Rehabilitation,andReplacement16.1MembraneRepair:16.1.1Cleaning:

16.1.1.1Useapowerbroomorlightwirebrushingovertheaffectedareatoremoveallloosematerialandalsomaterialnotwelladheredtothesubstrate(thedecksurfaceoralowercoatofmembrane).

16.1.1.2Cleantheareaofallloosematerialwithabroom,vacuum,orairblast.

16.1.1.3Cleantheexistingmembranewithasolventorothercleaner,asrecommendedbythemembranemanufacturer,toprovideforaminimumof150-mm(6-in.)overlapontotheexistinggoodmembrane.16.1.2Priming:

16.1.2.1Deck—Primeanyexposeddecksurface,ifrequiredbythemanufacturer,usingtheprimerandapplicationproce-durerecommendedbythemanufacturer.

16.1.2.2Membrane—Primethemembranesurfaceundertheareatoberepaired(thatis,thebasecoat),ifrequiredbythemanufacturer,usingtheprimerandapplicationprocedurerecommendedbythemanufacturer.Theprimershouldextendaminimumof150mm(6in.)ontotheexistinggoodmembrane.

16.1.3MembraneApplication—Applythemembraneinthenumberofcoatsandinthemannerspecifiedbythemembranemanufacturer.Themembraneshallextendontotheexistinggoodmembraneaminimumof150mm(6in.).16.2RehabilitationofWearingCourse:

16.2.1Cleaning—Cleantheexistingmembrane,asoutlinedin16.1.1,inordertoprovideapreparedsurfaceforrepairsandrehabilitation.

16.2.2RepairofDamagedAreas—Repairanyareaswherethemembranehasbeendamagedorwornbelowthesurfacecoating,asdetailedin16.3.

16.2.3FinalSurfaceCoating—Priortoactualcoating,primetheexistingmembraneandrepairareas,ifrequiredandasrecommendedbythemembranemanufacturer.Whentheprimer(s)hasdried,applythefinalwearingcourseasrecom-mendedbythemembranemanufacturer.Broadcastaggregateintothewetmembraneandcross-roll.Locktheaggregateintothemembranewithanadditionalcoatofthesamematerialoranothermaterialasrecommendedbythemembranemanufac-turer.Priortoperformingthisapplication,sweeporvacuumalllooseaggregatefromthedeck.Theninstallatopcoatandpermitittocureasrecommendedbythemembranemanufac-turerbeforeexposingthemembranetotraffic.16.3TotalMembraneReplacement:16.3.1Cleaning:

16.3.1.1Removealloftheoldmembranefromthedeckusingmechanicalabrasionorchemicalremovalmethodsasrecommendedbythemembranemanufacturer.Continueclean-inguntilalloftheoldmembranehasbeenremovedandacleandecksurfaceisavailable,asspecifiedin14.1.

16.3.1.2Removeallloosematerialfromthedeckbysweep-ing,washingor,preferably,byvacuum.Allowallwetareastothoroughlydry,asanalyzedin6.9.

16.3.2PreparatoryWork—Inspectandredoallpenetrationsandterminationareas,asrequired,usingtheproceduresspecifiedinSection14.

16.3.3Primer—Primetheclean,drydeck,ifrequiredbythemembranemanufacturer,usingtheprimerandproceduresasrecommendedbythemembranemanufacturer.

16.3.4MembraneApplication—ApplythemembraneasdescribedinSection15,andasrecommendedbythemem-branemanufacturer.

17.Keywords

17.1design;installation;membrane;waterproofing

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