Abbreviations in Note taking
Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.
Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.
S = sum
f = frequency
Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.
cf = compare
e.g. = example
dept = department
Use only the first syllable of a word.
pol = politics
dem = democracy
lib = liberal
cap = capitalism
Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.
pres = presentation
subj = subject
ind = individual
cons = conservative
Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.
assoc = associate
biol = biology
info = information
ach = achievement
chem = chemistry
max = maximum
intro = introduction
conc = concentration
min = minimum
rep = repetition
Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.
ppd = prepared
prblm = problem
estmt = estimate
bkgd = background
gvt = government
Use an apostrophe in place of letters.
am't = amount
cont'd = continued
gov't = government
educat'l = educational
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.
chpts = chapters
egs = examples
fs = frequencies
intros = introductions
Use g to represent ing endings.
ckg = checking
estg = establishing
decrg = decreasing
exptg = experimenting
Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.
Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.
Leave out unimportant words.
Leave out the words a and the.
If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.
Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.
& = and
w/ = with
w/o = without
vs = against
\\ = therefore
= = is or equal
Use technical symbols where applicable.
zb = German, for example
ibid = Latin, the same work
o = degrees
H2O = water
More reference:
Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:
+ plus
// parallel
Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:
eg example
IT dept Information Technology department
UK United Kingdom
Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples:
mar marketing
cus customer
cli client
Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:
subj subject
budg budget
ind individual
To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:
tech'gy technology
gen'ion generalisation
del'y delivery
Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable
abbreviation. Examples:
assoc associated
ach achievement
info information
Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:
bkgd background
mvmt movement
prblm problem
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:
custs customers
fs frequencies
/s ratios
Use 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:
decrg decreasing
ckg checking
estblg establishing
Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:
in
but
as
key
Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:
is
was
were
Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:
a
an
the
If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:
January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB
Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:
@ at
2 to
4 for
& and
w/ with
w/o without
vs against
Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.
Other Symbols and Abbreviations
as a result of / consequences of <--->
resulting in --->
and / also +
equal to / same as =
following ff
most importantly *
less than <
greater than > especially esp/
关于缩略词
一、 缩略词
英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：
F拿掉所有元音
MKT: market
MGR: manager
MSG: message
STD: standard
RCV: receive
F保留前几个字母
INFO information
INS insurance
EXCH exchange
I owe you IOU
In stead of I/O
F保留开头和结尾个发音字母
WK week
RM room
PL people
F根据发音
R are
THO though
THRU through
高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表
缩略词 原词
APT Apartment
ACC Accountant
ACDG According
ACPT Accept
AD Advertisement
ADS Address
ADV Advice
AMAP As much/many as possible
AMT Amount
APV Approve
ASAP As soon as possible
BAL Balance
BLDG Building
CERT Certificate
CFM Conform
CNCL Cancel
CNF Conference
CMI Commission
CMP Complete
CMPE Compete/competitive
CMU Communication
CONC Concern/concerning/concerned
COND Condition
CO. Company
DEPT Department
DISC Discount
DPT Departure
EXCH Exchange
EXPLN Explain
EXT Extent
FLT Flight
FNT Final
FRT Freight
FYR For your reference
GD Good
GUAR Guarantee
H.O. Home office
INFO Information
IMPS Impossible
IMP(T) Important
INCD Include
INDIV Individual
INS Insurance
INTST Interested
I/O In stead of
IOU I owe you
IVO In view of
MANUF Manufacture
MDL Model
MEMO Memorandum
MGR Manger
MIN Minimum
MKT Market
MSG Message
NCRY Necessary
NLT No later than
OBS Observe
OBT Obtain
ORD Ordinary
PAT Patent
PC Piece
PKG Packing
PL People
PLS Please
POSN Position
POSS(BL) Possible
PROD Product
QLTY Quality
QUTY Quantity
RCV Receive
REF Reference
REGL Regular
REP Representative
RESN Reservation
RPT Repeat
RESPON Responsible
SEC Section
SITN Situation
STD Standard
TEL Telephone
TEMP Temporary
TGM Telegraph
THO Though
TKS Thanks
TRD Trade
TRF Traffic
TTL Total
U You
UR Your
WK Week
WL Will
WT Weight
XL Extra large
关于字母和图像
二、 字母、图像
Z 表示\"人\"people/person，因为\"Z\"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。
C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为 CZ
P 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 PZ
E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。
Q 表示\"通货膨胀\"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业：business。
C× 表示冲突，矛盾：conflict， confrontation \"C×\"中的\"×\"表示反对，字母\"C\"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。
W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。
i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示\"举杯祝贺\"。如果在U内填入2××××，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个\"/\"××××表示谈判破裂。
O 表示\"国家\"、\"民族\"、\"领土\"等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口，Og表示出口
这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc.
T 表示\"领导人\"：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT
⊙ 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium
k 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示\"捕鱼业\"等合fishery 有关的词汇。
O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的
等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.
J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.
L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.
EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.
O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.
用箭头、数学符号、标点符号来表示
三、 箭头
g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.
表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.
表示屈服：submit to
f 表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.
表示追溯到：come/go back to，originate
h 表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.
表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.
表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen， promote, etc
表示\"波折\"：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.
四、 数学符号
+ 表示\"多\": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.
++(+2) 表示\"多\"的比较级：more
+3 表示\"多\"的最高级：most
－ 表示\"少\": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.
× 表示\"错误\"、\"失误\"和\"坏\"的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.
> 表示\"多于\"概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
表示\"高\" 概念：superior to，surpass, etc.
< 表示\"少于\"概念：less/smaller，etc.
表示\"低\"概念：inferior to，etc.
= 表示\"同等\"概念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.
表示\"对手\"概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.
( ) 表示\"在......之间\"：among, within, etc.
≠ 表示\"不同\"概念：be different from, etc.
表示\"无敌\"概念：matchless, peerless, etc.
～ 表示\"大约\"概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc.
/ 表示\"否定\"，\"消除\"等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.
五、 标点等
: 表示各种各样\"说\"的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
表示\"问题\"：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?
. (dot) 这个\".\"点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样\".d\"表示yesterday, \".y\"表示last year, \".2m\"表示two month ago。\"y\"表示this year, \"y2.\" two year later\"next week\可以表示为\"wk.\"
∧ 表示转折
√ 表示\"好的\"状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.
表示\"同意\"状态，stand up for，support， agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
☆ 表示\"重要的\"状态：important，exemplary（模范的） best，outstanding，brilliant，etc.
n 表示\"交流\"状态：exchange，mutual, etc.
& 表示\"和\"，\"与\"：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc.
∥ 表示\"结束\"：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.
六、 较长单词的处理办法
-ism 简写为 m 例如：socialism Sm
-tion 简 简写为 n 例如：standardization (标准化) stdn
-cian 简 简写为 o 例如：technician techo
-ing 简写为 g 例如：marketing (市场营销) MKTg
-ed 简写为 d 例如：accepted acptd
-able/ible/ble 简写为 bl 例如：available avbl
-ment 简写为 mt 例如：amendment amdmt
-ize 简写为 z 例如：recognize regz
-ful 简写为 fl 例如：meaningful mnfl
57个 速记符号
常用速记符号
大于 ＞
小于 ＜来
小于或等于 ≤
大于或等于 ≥
等于、意味着 =
不等于 ≠
约等于 ≈
遗憾、悲哀 ;
高兴、荣兴 (
错误、否、不、否定 ×
正确、对、好、肯定 √
不同意 N
同意 Y
上升、增加 ↑
下降、减少 ↓
强、好 ＋
更强、更好 ＋＋
弱、差 －
更弱、更差 ――
因为 ∵
所以 ∴
优秀 ★
属于 ∈
胜利 V
问题、疑问 ？
和、与 ＆
结论是 =＞
促进、发展↗
国家 □
国与国 □/□
原因 ←
导致、结果 →
对立、冲突 ><
波折 ＜＜
会议、会面 ⊙大的美女编辑们
进入 ∩
接触、交往 ∞
分歧 ⊥
非常、十分重要 **
坚持 ≡
关键 ！
奇观 !
有关 @
替换为 ∽
但是 ‖
与……比较而言 ∥
英语堂欢迎大家到来
空洞 ○
代表 △
口译成功与否在很大程度上取决于译员在口来源：考试大译表达前对感知的信息进行记录的能力。记录分为“脑记”和“笔记”两种。
人脑的记忆由短时记忆和长时记忆两部分组成。顾名思义，短时记忆是一种操作性的暂时记忆，长时记忆属于一种储存性的永久记忆。影响一个人短时记忆的因素很多，其中最主要的因素是记忆内容的意义性。即便是当感知的信息有意义时，人的短时记忆只可容纳由二十多个单词组成的句子，或者一组十位数的数字。因此，对于口译工作者来说，完全依赖人脑的记忆能力是危险的，记笔记便显得十分重要。
一、做口译笔记时的注意事项
1.口译笔记应记要点，切忌求记“全”。口译笔记是记忆的延伸或补充，不应也不必取代记忆。口译笔记的主要内容是概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系（如大小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果关系等），笔记单位以表达意群的词语和符号为主。
2.口译笔记求快求精，但英语堂－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)不可潦草。
英语课堂www.englishtang.com
3.口译笔记可使用来源语，也可使用目标语，也可以双语兼用。只要有利于口译的准确性和流利性，不必拘泥于某种文字或符号。例如，“联合国大会”可笔录为“UN”或“联大”。
4.口译笔记使用大量常见略语，例如：cf(compare), Co(company), eg(for example), etc(and so on), esp(especially), ie(that is), max(maximum), min(minimum), ref(reference), std(standard), usu(usually),等。
二、常用速记符号
速记是一项特殊的技巧，速记语言是由一套完整的符号组成的体系。在口译实践中逐步掌握一些简单的速记符号是有益的
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