Lesson40
【课⽂】
First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
What false impression does an ocean wave convey to the observer?
Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from thesun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind thenspeaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerfulmessage.
These ocean waves are among the earth's most complicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest (thehighest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wavelength (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel onewave length).
Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move
through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything onit would be racing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results.
An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawingthe particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves theparticles behind -- back to its starting point again.
From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other 'living' thing. For a time it assumes amiraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life.
The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, andthe gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in acontinual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain. from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises) 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 signature n. 签名，标记 infinity n. ⽆穷 ray n. 光线
energize v. 给与...能量 rhythm n. 节奏 transmit v. 传送 exquisite adj. ⾼雅的 phenomena n. 现象 crest n. 浪峰 trough n. 波⾕ vertical adj. 垂直的 horizontal adj. ⽔平的
actuality n. 现实
catastrophic adj. ⼤灾难的 particle n. 微粒 maturity n. 成熟
undulate v. 波动，形成波浪 tremor n. 震颤
gravitational adj. 地⼼吸⼒的 【课⽂注释】 1.transmit vt. ①传达
例句：Gypsies frequently transmit recipes orally within the family. 吉普赛⼈经常以⼝头形式把秘⽅世代相传。 ②传送
例句：I will transmit the money by special messenger. 我将专门派⼈送这笔钱。 ③传染
例句：The tension soon transmitted itself to all the members of the crowd. 这种紧张情绪很快感染了⼈群中所有的⼈。 ④代代相传
例句：Parents transmit some of their characteristics to their children. ⽗母把某些特性遗传给⼦⼥。 【词义辨析】
点击查看⼤图send, deliver, dispatch, forward, ship, transmit这些动词均含“送出，发送，传送”之意。 send: 普通最常⽤词，含义⼴。指把⼈或物由⼀地送往另⼀地，⽽不涉及事物的内容或送的⽅式。 deliver: 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某⼈，着重发送这⼀⾏为。 dispatch: 指为特殊⽬的⽽发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
forward: 指经过其他⼈或⼿段把东西转送给某⼈，(电⼦邮件)转发。
ship: 把通过⽔运、陆运或空运等⽅式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。 transmit: 指将⽂件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发⾄某地或传达给他⼈。 2.exquisite adj. ①精挑细选的
例句：The hostess had exquisite taste in clothes. ⼥主⼈对⾐著⼗分讲究。 ②精致的
例句：The girl came up with a set of exquisite stamps.
那姑娘拿出⼀套精美的邮票。 ③细腻的
例句：She has an exquisite ear for music. 她对⾳乐有细腻的听觉。 ④强烈的
例句：I couldn't sleep for exquisite pain. 我因剧痛⽽不能⼊睡。
3.vertical adj. 垂直的, 纵向的, 顶点的
例句：The northern face of the mountain is almost vertical. 这座⼭向北的⼀⾯⼏乎是垂直的。 【词义辨析】
点击查看⼤图vertical, perpendicular, upright, erect, plumb 这些形容词均有“垂直的、竖式的”之意。
vertical: 指与平⾯、⽔平线或基线成直⾓或⼏乎成直⾓向上延伸⾄顶点的物体。也可指呈直线上升或下降的。 perpendicular: 指与⽔平线形成90度的线或⾯，或朝垂直⽅⾯延伸的，尤指向下的急剧运动。 upright: 普通⽤词，指竖⽴、笔直⽽不是倾斜、倒塌的。 erect: 指笔直挺拔，⽽⾮倾斜、佝偻、弯曲或倒塌的。 plumb: 建筑上⽤词，凭锤球评判某物是否完全垂直。
4.the horizontal distance between two wave crests 两个波峰间的⽔平距离
5.which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length 波峰⾛过⼀个波长所需的时间 6.give the impression of 给⼈以......印象
例句：He gives the impression of not caring a damn. 他给⼈的印象是满不在乎。 7.in actuality 事实上
例句：This “big company” in actuality is only a small shop. 这家“⼤公司”实际上只是⼀个⼩店。
They talk about detente, but in actuality they are engaged in intense rivalry. 他们嘴⾥讲缓和，⾻⼦⾥却进⾏激烈的争夺。 8.catastrophic adj. 灾难的, 灾难性的
例句：The contracting of a serious illness can be financially catastrophic. 患上严重疾病很可能会是⼀场经济灾难。
On this issue, the consequences of inaction could be catastrophic. 在这个问题上，不采取⾏动将会带来灾难性的后果。 9.back to its starting point again ⼜返回出发点 10.be subject to 受...⽀配，服从于，遭受 例句：The offer isn't subject to prior sale.
本报盘以货物未售出为条件。
Peasants used to be subject to the local landowner. 农民过去受地主的压迫。 11.undulate v.波动，形成波浪
例句：Fields of wheat are undulating in the breeze. 在微风中起伏着⼀⽚麦浪。
We soon see a field of wheat undulate in the breeze. 我们很快看到⼀⽚在微风中起伏的麦⽥。 12. generate vt. 产⽣，发⽣，引起
例句：We can't generate enough power for the entire city. 我们不能为整个城市产⽣⾜够的能量。 We need someone to generate new ideas. 我们需要有⼈出新主意。
This hatred was generated by racial prejudice. 这种仇恨是由种族偏见引起的。
Water power can be used to generate electricity. ⽔⼒可以⽤来发电。 【参考译⽂】
海浪是⼤海和空⽓相⽃的产物，⽆限的⼀种不间断的标志。太阳光刺激了地球的⼤⽓层，并给予它能量;阳光使空⽓开始流动，产⽣节奏，获得⽣命。然后，风把太阳的信息带给了⼤海，海洋⽤波浪的形式传递这个信息 —— ⼀个源远流长、⾼雅⽽有⼒的信息。
这些海浪属于地球上最复杂的⾃然现象。它们的基本特征包括浪峰(波浪的点)、波⾕(最低点)、浪⾼(从波⾕到浪峰的垂直距离)、波长(两个浪峰间的⽔平距离)和周期(海峰⾛过⼀个波长所需的时间)。虽然，海浪给⼈的印象是⼀堵由⽔组成的墙向你压过来，⽽实际上，浪从⽔中移过，⽽⽔则留在原处。如果⽔和浪⼀起移动的话，那么⼤海和海⾥所有的东西就会向岸边疾涌过来，带来明显的灾难性后果。
穿过深⽔的海浪使⽔⾯上的⼀个微粒按照⼀种近乎圆形的轨道移动，先把微粒拉向前移动的海浪，然后推上波浪，随着波浪移动，然后 -- 当波浪把微粒留在⾝后时 -- ⼜回到出发点。
从成熟到消亡，波浪和其他任何“活动中”的东西⼀样，都受制于共同的法则。⼀度它获得⾮凡的个性，但最终⼜被重新融进⽣命的⼤洋。
公海上起伏的波浪是由3个⾃然因素构成的：风、地球的运动或震颤和⽉亮、太阳的引⼒。⼀旦波浪形成，地球引⼒是持续不断企图使海⾯复原为平⾯的⼒量。
Lesson41
【课⽂】
First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
At what point does the training of a captive wild elephant begin?
Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him.Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stagemay well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-
tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.
The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for thejob. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection.There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some
unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with agrain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key tosuccessful training.
The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almostready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily becomesubservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree,plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger andfear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive graduallyquietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklishbusiness which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.
When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stallsof two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and waterso that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its
companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a longstick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while othersrub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce
pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets. such as'ho! my son', or'ho! my father', or 'my mother', according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible tosuch blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled bythe trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldomafterwards uses it for offensive purposes. RICHARD CARRINGTON Elephants 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 technique n. 技术 tough adj. 强硬的 resentful adj. 忿恨不满的 assign v. 分配，指派 mahout n. 驯象⼈ calf n. 幼仔 pine v. 消瘦
underline v. 着重说明，强调 keep n. ⽣计
subservient adj. 屈从的 plunge v. 向前冲 tame adj. 养驯服了的 tether v. (⽤绳)拴
ticklish adj. 难对付的，棘⼿的 alarming adj. 引起惊恐的 accompaniment n. 伴奏 soothe v. 镇定
chant n. 单调的歌 reinforce v. 加强
endearing adj.惹⼈喜爱的 epithet n. 称呼
susceptible adj. 易受感动的 blandishment n. 奉承 lash v. 猛烈地甩 curl v. 使卷曲【课⽂注释】
1.the tough 强硬法 the gentle 温柔法 2.resentful adj.愤懑不满的
例句：Some Americans are resentful, so they must find an opportunity to vent their anger. ⼀些美国⼈⼼中不满，就要找个机会来发泄。 3.pine to death 消瘦⾄死 pine v. ①消瘦，憔悴
例句：He pined away after his daughter died. 他的⼥⼉死后，他逐渐变得憔悴了。 ②渴望
例句：Alone,a lonely stranger in a foreign land,I pine for kinsfolk doubly on a holiday. 独在异乡为异客每逢佳节倍思亲 n.松树
4.by some unavoidable circumstance 由于某些不可避免的情况 5.deprive of 剥夺， 使失去 … (权利)
例句：If you don't drive carefully, I shall be obliged to deprive you of your license. 如果您不谨慎驾驶，我将不得不没收您的执照。 Too many trees round a house deprive it of light and air. 房屋四周树⽊太多会使室内光线和空⽓都感不⾜。 6.with a grain of salt 有保留地 7.underline v.着重说明，强调
例句：Strikes by prison officers underline the need for reform in our gaols. 监狱⼯作⼈员罢⼯⼀事，突出地表明我们的监狱制度需要改⾰。 Those words are underlined in the English book. 那本英语书中有些单词下画着线进⾏强调。
8.subservient adj.屈从的
例句：People shall not be regarded as subservient to the economic system. 不应把⼈的因素看成是经济体制的附庸。 9.a very firm hand ⼀个强有⼒的⼈ 10.quiet down
例句：He was very angry, but he has quieted down now. 他刚才很⽣⽓，但现在已经平静下来了。 11.ticklish adj. 难对付的， 易怒的， 怕痒的 例句：A ticklish matter. ⼀件棘⼿的事
12.with the aid of 在……帮助下 13.customary adj. 习惯的， 惯例的 例句：That's his customary shortcoming. 那是他⼀个习惯的⽑病。
It's customary to give people gifts on their birthdays. 给⼈送⽣⽇礼物是惯常的事。
For once, she lost/dropped her customary reserve and became quite lively. 这次，她⼀反平素的沉默寡⾔，表现得很活跃。 【词义辨析】
usual, customary, habitual, conventional, regular 这些形容词均有“通常的，惯常的”之意。
usual: 普通⽤词，概念⼴泛。指经常发⽣或意料中的事，既可指⾃然发⽣的现象，也可指按个⼈习惯或惯例⽽做的事。 [b]customary: 指特定的个⼈或群体的平常习惯，或习俗性的⾏为。 habitual: 指按个⼈习惯反复发⽣的事情。侧重经常性、习惯性。
conventional: 语⽓强，指遵守已成习惯的事情，强调符合惯例，由⼈们普遍认可。 regular: 着重遵守约定俗成的规则。 14.This is supposed to 据说……
例句：This is supposed to be an off season for vegetables but you seem to have enough here. 按说现在是蔬菜的淡季， 可是你们这⾥供应还不错。 15.susceptible adj.易受感动的
例句：Children are more susceptible than adults. / p >
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