语法:倒装句结构
倒装句分为两种:部分倒装和全部倒装。具体来说,部分倒装就是主语和情态动词、助动词的倒装。 例:Only then did I realize the importance of mathematics. (只是在那时我才认识到数学的重要性。) 共有四种倒装形式:
第⼀种:含有否定词开头的句⼦都要倒装:
否定词语置于句⾸是为了强调否定,可引起部分倒装,即谓语部分中的助动词或情态动词提⾄主语前,⽽动词仍置于主语后.这些否定词有:not, only, never, little, few, hardly, nowhere, seldom, rarely, scarcely … when …, no sooner…than, at no time,in no way(= by no means), under no circumstance, not until, not only … but (also) …. 如:
Seldom does he go to see his aunt in the countryside.他很少去看乡下的阿姨。 Hardly did I think it possible.我⼏乎认为这是不可能的。 Rarely did I meet Mr. Eldon. 我很少遇上埃尔登先⽣.
No sooner had Yao Ming appeared in the hall than the crowd began to cheer.姚明刚出现在⼤厅,⼈群就欢呼起来了。第⼆种,so…that… 太…以⾄于… , 如果so放在句⾸,so后句⼦倒装,that后⾯的不倒装。 如So fast did he run that he caught up with the whole class.他跑得很快,赶上了整个班级.
第三种:如果虚拟条件从句当中包含有助动词、情态动词、动词to be、动词to have,可以把if省略,然后倒装。 见虚拟语⽓if从句⽤法。
第四种:由as引导的让步状语从句中,后⾯的句⼦要倒装。
如Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.尽管我很喜欢它,但是也不会买。
Try as he does, he will never pass it.尽管他会去尝试,但他永远不会成功。
语法:主谓⼀致
主谓⼀致即主语和谓语动词在数上保持⼀致。
1.两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词⽤and连接时,谓语动词原则上⽤复数。但是,如果单数名词前有each, no, every, manya, more than one修饰,谓语动词⽤单数。 如:
Each boy and each girl is invited.每⼀个男孩和每⼀个⼥孩都受到了邀请。 Many a boy and many a girl has been invited.许多男孩和⼥孩都被邀请了。
2. every可以带有数字的复数名词连⽤,这时我们仍然把它看作⼀个整体,因此动词⽤单数。 如Every four people shares a room.我们每四个⼈住⼀个房间。
3. 主语如果是单数,尽管后⾯跟有以下结构:as well as(除了...之外还...), together with(与...⼀起), alongwith(与...⼀起), including(包括...在内), accompanied by (陪同,陪伴),in company with(在...的陪同下),besides (除了...之外), except(除了...)等,谓语动词⽤单数。 如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.教师和⼀些学⽣在参观⼯⼚。 He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 集体名词(family, crew, class, committee, government, audience, group, team, army等)做主语时,谓语动词的数取决于这个集体名词的含义:当这个集合名词表⽰⼀个不可分割的整体时,谓语动词⽤单数;当强调集体中的个体时,谓语动词⽤复数。 如:
The family is the basic unit of our society.家庭是社会的基本组成单位。 The committee is made up of five members.这个委员会由五个成员组成。
5. 有些名词尽管以“s”结尾,如:news(消息), politics(政治学), physics(物理学), economics(经济学),mathematics(数学)等,但这些词表⽰的是单数的概念,动词⽤单数。 如Every means has been tried.每⼀种⽅式都试过了。
6.当句⼦有两个主语,主语⼜是由either…or…, neither…nor, …or…, …nor…或 not only…but (also)…连接,则采⽤临近原则,数与谓语动词临近的主语保持⼀致。
如Neither Tom nor his parents are at home.汤姆和他的⽗母都不在家。 7.a number of后⾯动词⽤复数;the number of 后⾯动词⽤单数。 如:
A number of students have gone to the cinema.⼀些学⽣去看电影了。
The number of students has doubled since 1998.学⽣的数量⾃从1988年已经翻了⼀番。语法:附加疑问句
附加疑问句附在陈述句后⾯,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问。该句型的结构特征为:当前⾯是肯定时,后⾯⽤否定式;当前⾯是否定时,后⾯⽤肯定式。反意问句中的动词时态应和陈述句中的动词时态相⼀致. 有关附加疑问句,应该掌握以下⼏点:
1. 当陈述句是⼀个主从复合句时,通常情况下疑问部分应根据主句的动词形式⽽定。 如He said that he didn’t want to go, did not he?他说他不想去,是吗?
2. 虽然陈述部分是主从复合句,但是,如果主语部分是以下⼏个结构:I’d say(我想说), I’ll bet(我敢打赌), I
guess(我猜测), I think(我想), I suppose(我想),I believe (我相信),I expect(我期待), I imagine(我想像),附加疑问句要根据从句的动词形式⽽定。
如I suppose you are not serious, are you?我想这事你不是当真的,是吗? 3. 如果在第⼆种句式中的主句部分加否定词,附加疑问部分⽤肯定式。 如I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他对这事⼉⽆所谓,是吗?
4. 如果陈述部分的主语是somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, nobody, 提问部分的⼈称要⽤复数they. 如Everybody knows that the earth is round, don’t they?每个⼈都知道地球是圆的,对吗?
5.陈述句部分如果含有否定词nothing, nobody, seldom, rarely, never, hardly, scarcely, 疑问部分要⽤肯定式。 如She scarcely cares for anything, does she? (她这⼈对什么都不关⼼,对吗?) 总结如下:
陈述部分提问部分 have todon’t had todidn’t
ought tooughtn’t to / shouldn’t to used todidn’t
letshall(说的和听的都要做这个动作)/ will Don’twill
语法:强调句结构
强调句结构有三种主要形式:
1.由it做引导词,形式:It is(was) + 被强调部分,后⾯常出现that,whom,who。
如John met Mary in Paris last week.这句话中除了谓语动词不能被强调之外,其余划线部分都可以强调。强调不同部分如下:(1)、It was john who met Mary in Paris last week. (2)、It was Mary whom John met in Paris last week. (3)、It was in Paris that John met Mary last week. (4)、It was last week that john met Mary in Paris. 2.It is because 也是强调句型结构,强调原因。
如It is because she is very devoted to her students that she is respected by them.就是因为她全⾝⼼地投⼊学⽣的教育,她才受到孩⼦们的尊敬。
3.由not until引导的句⼦,既是⼀种强调句,也是⼀种倒装句。
如It was not until bedtime that the boy ever remembered to do his homework. 直到睡觉时间那个男孩⼉才想起来该做作业了。这句话我们⽤Not until 来引导则是:
Not until bedtime did the boy ever remember to do his homework. 到此为⽌,语法部分全部讲完。从下节开始讲答题技巧 。
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