非谓语动词
非谓语动词是指那些在剧中不能单独充当句子位于成分的动词形式。基本形式有四种：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）、分词（participle）、和独立主格结构（absolute structure）。
一、不定式
动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种，在句子中，它除了做谓语外，可以担当其他任何成分，可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。它在句中其名词、形容词和副词的作用。 语态 主动 被动 一般式 （尚未发生） to do to be done 进行式 （正在发生） to be doing to be being done 完成式 （先于谓语动词发生） to have done to have been done 举例：
It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.
He seems to be eating something.
According to your market report, demand seems to be returning.
The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audio became its first president.
不定式的语法功能： 1) 作主语
The traditional rule was that it’s safer (to stay where you are), but that’s been fundamentally inverted. The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.
2) 作宾语
Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events.
He feels it his duty to help others. 3) 作表语
But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
4) 作定语
Tom made the decision to go around the world in three years all alone.
She has the ambition to learn other languages.
The pressure to compete causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a
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constant emotional strain.
5) 作状语
A sad thing about life is when you meet someone and fall in love, only to find out in the end that you have wasted years on someone who wasn’t worth it.
6) 作补语
The man was seen to fall heavily to the ground and never get up again.
注：使役动词如make、let、have等以及感官动词hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被动语态中不可省略。例如我们说see sb play on the ground，但被动态中我们说sb is seen to play on the ground。
不带to的动词不定式
1. 在do…but/except结构中，当but或except前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后接不带to的动词不定式。
The train is late, and I can do nothing but wait.
比较：There was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police.
2. 在had better, would rather/sooner…than…, rather…than, would just as soon, might just as well, cannot (help) but…等之后都必须接动词原形。
Tom cannot but ask his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has encountered in doing the project.
3. 在do far more than后面不定式省略to。
In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.
4. 在感官动词或使役动词，如hear, listen to, feel, see, look at, watch, notice, observe, perceive, let, make, bid, have, note, leave等之后，不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。 She felt someone pat her on the head.
for + 名（代）词 + 不定式
It’s just inconceivable for a child to do that job. That is for you to decide. It’s time for us to go.
He stood aside for her to pass.
不定式的完成式：
1. 不定式的一般式to do不能表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作，若要表达此意，需用to have done
Albert Einstein, the great American scientist, is estimated to have had the incredible IQ of 200.
2. 表示非真实的过去，本打算做但实际上没有实现的动作，如mean, intend, think, plan, hope, wish, purpose, would/should like, was/were等。
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I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.
I planned to have visited you last night, but I was too busy. I was to have visited you last night. I was to have telephoned, but I forgot.
二、动名词
语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing having done 进行式 being done having been done
举例：
Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.
There is no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
以主动态表被动义：deserve, need, require, want, bear, take(需要), stand(忍受), worth等。
The method deserves recommending. Your hair needs cutting.
That novel is not worth reading.
动名词的语法功能： 1) 作主语
Home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder – kitchen rage.
2) 做宾语
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.
3) 作表语
The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up. Wasting time is robbing oneself.
4) 作定语
Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
动名词的复合结构：名词属格或物主代词 + 动名词
Sophia’s having seen them did not surprise us. It’s no use your trying to deceive me. I can’t bear his staying up so late. Excuse my interrupting you.
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三、分词
现在分词：动词原形+ing 过去分词：动词原形+ed
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence (by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations), manipulating a number of variables relating to (people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced).
现在分词与过去分词区别
从语态角度讲，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动 从时态角度讲：现在分词表动作正在进行，过去分词表动作的完成。 1. What he said was very touching. 2. I was touched by the sight. 1. falling leaves, fallen leaves 2. the rising sun, the risen sun 3. developing countries, developed countries 现在分词与动名词的区别： 1）现在分词是动词的一种非限定形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句子中做定语、表语、状语，有时也用在复合结构中。
This is an amusing story. The book is interesting.
The students came into the classroom, laughing and talking. I heard him singing in the room last night.
2）动名词也是动词的另一种非限定形式，顾名思义，它既源于动词，又具有名词的功能，因此它在句子中起名词的作用，可单独或以动名词短语的形式做主语、宾语、定语、表语。
Learning a foreign language well is no easy job. My favorite sport is skating.
Have you finished correcting the students’ paper? We had better put off discussing it till next week.
当现在分词和动名词充当不同的功能时，很容易区分： 1. My mother goes shopping every day. 2. My mother does shopping every day.
3. Being a qualified middle school English teacher is not easy. 4. Being a college student, I must study hard.
当现在分词和动名词充当相同的功能时，例如表语和定语，区别就比较困难： 5. The situation is encouraging. 6. Reading is learning.
现在分词多表示主语或逻辑主语的具体特征或行为，动名词则表示抽象的、一般的行为。 7. a leading comrade 定语 = a comrade who leads 8. a swimming pool 定语 = a pool used for swimming
现在分词多表示所修饰对象的动作，它与被它修饰的名词倒过来是主谓结构，而动名词则表示所修饰词的用途，和所修饰的词逻辑上没有主谓关系。
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9. a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping 10. a sleeping car = a car used for sleeping 又如：dining hall, teaching facilities
分词的语法功能 1）做定语
Blue skies are not always a guarantee of continuing fine weather. Adam and Eve were induced to eat the Forbidden Fruit by Satan. A man getting up as soon as the cock crows is a hard-working man.
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists from South Africa.
2）做状语
While playing the piano, she got very excited.
Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address. Even though defeated again, the scientists didn’t give up. The suitcase was locked, left to Tom.
He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards. Seen from the spaceship, the earth is a blue planet.
3）作表语
Travelling is interesting but tiring.
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
4）做宾补
The parents can hear their daughter singing.
I didn’t make myself heard because a lot of people cried in the hall.
练习：
Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.
Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
四、独立主格结构
独立主格是一种书面文体的状语表达形式。
1. 像一个句子，有自己的主语，却没有完整、独立的谓语，但与变了形的谓语形式在逻辑上构成主谓或主系关系；
2. 在形式上与主句没关系，常用逗号与主句隔开（不绝对）；
3. 在功能上相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句，但没有连词的引导。
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举例：
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. The meeting gone over, everyone wanted to go home earlier. They will send you the book for ﹩10, postage included.
For a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job or not. The plan was that the contending parties should reach an early agreement on basic principles, the details to be worked out later.
独立主格生成法：
1. 有be动词去掉be动词 2. 无be动词，加-ing
Jimmy walked slowly to the playground. His face was covered with tears. → Jimmy walked slowly to the playground, his face covered with tears. The taxi sped away. Its lights disappeared into distance. → The taxi sped away, its lights disappearing into distance.
特殊：以下三种情况不能去掉be动词，而要变成being 1. 独立主格的逻辑主语为代词时： It was Sunday. We went to church. → It being Sunday, we went to church. 2. There be句型中：
There was no bus. We had to go home on foot. → There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 3. 表示正在被做
The dinner is being cooked. We have to wait for a while. → The dinner being cooked, we have to wait for a while.
独立主格结构基本形式 名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词 名词/代词+形容词 名词/代词+副词 名词/代词+不定式 名词/代词+介词短语 The test finished, our holiday began. He came into the room, his ears red with cold. Class over, all students went to play on the playground. More time to be given, we will make full use of it, The murderer got into the house, a knife in his hand.
The grand mediocrity of today – everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring – means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle class India compared to the tribes.
Other things equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
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with/without的复合结构做独立主格
（独立主格作伴随状语时，可用with的复合结构，也可不用）
1. with+名词/代词+形容词/方位副词(做宾补)
With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
2. with+名词/代词+介词短语(做宾补)
A careful balance has to be struck: if you show a labor-saving device, follow it up with a complicated recipe on the next page; on no account hint at the notion that a woman could get herself a job, but instead foster her sense of her own usefulness, emphasizing the creative aspect of her function as a housewife.
3. with+名词/代词+不定式(表示主动或将来的动作)
With a lot of work to do, she hurried home as fast as possible.
4. with+名词/代词+现在分词(表示正在进行)
Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.
5. with+名词/代词+过去分词(表示被动或动作已经完成)
With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.
to短语作独立主格
To tell (you) the truth, we don’t want to include you.
to begin with to be honest to speak frankly to start with to tell you the truth to be frank to put it briefly
练习：
The last eve being the eve of his betrayal, it is not difficult to understand the significance given to the number by the early Christmas.
Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with his thumb outstretched.
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