Unit 1 People Of Achievement .............................................................................................. - 2 -
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking ................................................................................. - 3 - Section Ⅱ Learning About Language ......................................................................... - 19 - Section Ⅲ Using Language ........................................................................................ - 22 - Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习 .......................................................................................... - 35 - Unit 2 Looking Into The Future ........................................................................................... - 45 -
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking ............................................................................... - 45 - Section Ⅱ Learning About Language ......................................................................... - 60 - Section Ⅲ Using Language ........................................................................................ - 61 - Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习 .......................................................................................... - 74 - Unit 3 Fascinating Parks ......................................................................................................... - 84 - Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking ............................................................................... - 85 - Section Ⅱ Learning About Language ....................................................................... - 100 - Section Ⅲ Using Language ...................................................................................... - 101 - Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习 ........................................................................................ - 111 - Unit 4 Body Language .................................................................................................... - 120 -
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking ............................................................................. - 121 - Section Ⅱ Learning About Language ....................................................................... - 134 - Section Ⅲ Using Language ...................................................................................... - 137 - Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习 ........................................................................................ - 153 - Unit 5 Working The Land ................................................................................................... - 163 -
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking ............................................................................. - 164 - Section Ⅱ Learning About Language ....................................................................... - 176 - Section Ⅲ Using Language ...................................................................................... - 180 - Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习 ........................................................................................ - 188 -
Unit 1 People Of Achievement
Stephen Hawking was born on the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death.He has come to be thought of as the greatest mind in physics since Albert Einstein.
Hawking grew up outside London.His father was a doctor；his mother was active in politics.He was not a smart schoolboy，but knew from early on that he would study science.He became good at mathematics and in 1958 he and some friends built a simple computer that actually worked.In 1959 he won a scholarship to Oxford University.In 1962 he got his degree with honors and went to Cambridge University to get a PhD in cosmology.There he became interested in black holes.After receiving his PhD, he stayed at Cambridge，becoming known even in his middle 20s for his pioneering ideas.
In 1968 he studied in the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge.He published the very technical book，The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time and afterwards made a great discovery.It had always been thought that nothing could escape a black hole.He continued working on the theory of the origin of the universe.
At the age of 32, he was named a fellow of the Royal Society; at the same year he received the Albert Einstein Award.Five years later, in 1979, he was appointed Top Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, which was held by Sir Isaac Newton 300 years earlier.
In 1988 Hawking wrote A Brief History of Time, which became a best-seller.He wrote other
popular articles and appeared in movies and television.He remains extremely busy, and his work hardly slowed by the disease that affects muscle control, for which he uses a wheelchair and speaks through a speech computer.He said，“My goal is simple.It is complete understanding of the universe，why it is as it is and why it exists at all.”
开启快乐学习之旅
斯蒂芬·霍金生于伽利略去世的300周年纪念日。他是自阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以来物理学界最伟大的人物。
霍金是在伦敦郊区长大的。他的父亲曾是一位医生，而母亲是政治活动者。霍金在学校时并不很聪明，但他很早就立志要学习自然科学。他渐渐在数学方面展露特长，1958年他和一些朋友一起组装了一台简单的能够进行实际运算的计算机。1959年，他获得了牛津大学的奖学金。1962年，他以优异成绩获得了学位，并前往剑桥大学攻读宇宙学博士。在那里，他开始对黑洞感兴趣。在获得博士学位后，他继续留在剑桥，在他二十几岁的时候就由于他的开拓性的想法而闻名。
1968年，他在剑桥大学的天文研究所做研究。他出版了一本非常专业的书《时空的大尺
度结构》，之后又做出了一项重大发现。科学家们过去一直认为没有任何物质能逃离黑洞的捕捉。他继续研究宇宙起源的理论。
32岁的时候，他进入了皇家科学院；同年，他又获得了阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦奖。五年后，也就是1979年，他被任命为剑桥大学数学系的首席教授，这个职位是萨克·牛顿爵士在300年前所担任过的。
1988年，霍金写了《时间简史》一书，这本书成了一本畅销书。他又写了其他一些受欢迎的文章，并在电影和电视上露面。他一直都相当忙碌，他的工作很少因为疾病而受到耽误，这是一种会影响到肌肉控制的疾病，也因为如此，他需要坐在轮椅上，并且通过一台语音电脑讲话。他说：“我的目标很简单。就是完全了解宇宙，为什么它是现在这样和为什么它存在。”
模块核心素养导航
主题语境：人与社会 主题群：历史、社会与文化 语篇类型：记叙文 文化知识 介绍对社会有突出贡献的人物的生平、事迹、成就、影响、成功的因素、面对荣誉的态度等，培养学生向著名人物学习的意识，并立志自己也要成为对社会有突出贡献的人。 (1)词汇知识：crucial；vital；commit；evaluate；distinct；boil；obtain；acknowledge；语言知识 defeat；analyse；insist；conclusion；flee等。 (2)语法知识：学习非限制性定语从句。 (3)语用知识：描写你钦佩的人。 Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．physiology n．生理学；生理机能 2．crucial adj.至关重要的；关键性的
3．vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的
4．commit vt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等) vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)→committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的→commitment n．投入，奉献；承诺，许诺，保证
5．academy n．(艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院；学会；专科院校→academic adj.学业的；学术的
6．objective n．目标；目的 adj.客观的→subjective adj.主观的 7．botanical adj.植物学的
8．evaluate vt.评价；评估→evaluation n．评价；评估 9．property n．性质；特征；财产
10．distinct adj.清晰的；清楚的；有区别的→distinction n．区别，差别；特点，特性
11．extract n．提取物；摘录 vt.提取；提炼；摘录；(用力)拔出
12．boil vt.& vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开 n．沸腾；沸点→boiling adj.达到沸点的；沸腾的
13．liquid n．液体 adj.液体的；液态的→solid n．固体 adj.牢固的，可靠的 14．obtain vt.(尤指经努力)获得；赢得 vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行
15．acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢→acknowledgement n．承认，确认；鸣谢
16．defeat n．失败；挫败 vt.击败；战胜
17．analyse vt.分析→analysis n．分析→analyses n．[pl.]分析
18．apparently adv.显而易见；看来；显然→apparent adj.显然的；表面上的 19．substance n．物质；物品；事实根据 20．insist vi.&.vt坚持；坚决要求
21．scientific adj.科学(上)的；关于科学的→scientist n．科学家 →science n．科学 22．mostly adv.主要地；一般地
23．conclusion n．结论；推论→conclude vt.推断出，断定；终止，结束 24．flee vi.& vt.(fled，fled)迅速离开；逃跑 25．circumstance n．[usually pl.] 条件；环境；状况 26．novelist n．小说家→novel n．(长篇)小说 27．flow n．流；流动；流畅；供应 vi.流；流动 28．chart n．图表 vt.记录；制订计划 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．commit oneself to do承诺；保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等) 2．insist on坚决要求
3．wear and tear(正常使用造成的)磨损；损耗 4．pay attention to 注意 5．lead to导致 6．die from死于……病 7．graduate from毕业于
8．with the objective of以……为目的 9．acknowledge defeat承认失败 10．get stuck卡住，陷入 11．by chance偶然
12．draw out抽出；拖延，拉长 13．other than 除……之外 14．relate to 与……有联系 15．be distinct from与……不同 16．change one's mind 改变主意 17．care about关心，在意
18．beyond one's control某人无法控制
19．under construction正在建设中 20．flow chart流程图 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is_thought_to_save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.
青蒿素已经成为治疗疟疾的关键，人们认为青蒿素每年仅在非洲就能救十万人。 2．In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with_the_objective_of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen.
1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。
3．Upon_hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize，she said... 当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说……
4．It_struck_him_that the other Chinese men in the photo apparently did not care about what_was_happening to their fellow countrymen.
令他震惊的是，照片中的其他中国人显然并不关心他们的同胞发生了什么。
5．From this, he concluded that the crucial problem in China was not physical illness, but the spiritual illness of people at that time.
由此，他得出结论，那时中国的关键问题不是身体疾病，而是人们的精神疾病。 6．One medical text from the fourth century suggested_using the extract from sweet wormwood to_treat a fever.
一本四世纪的医学文献推荐使用青蒿提取物来治疗发烧。
7．They then tried_boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did_not_work either.
然后，他们尝试煮沸青蒿，使用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，但是也没管用。
1 crucial adj.至关重要的；关键性的
典型例句
He wasn't there at the crucial moment(when he was needed most)．
紧要关头他却不在那里。
Parents play a crucial role in preparing their child for school. 父母对孩子做好上学的准备起着至关重要的作用。 思维拓展
crucial factor/ issue/decision关键性的因素/问题/决定
be crucial to/for sth.对……至关重要 be crucial that... ……是极其重要的 即时训练
Winning this contract is crucial to the success of the company.
2 vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的
典型例句
If the injuries are second or third degree burns, it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.
如果是二度或者三度烧伤，至关重要的是把伤者立刻送去看医生或送往医院。 This matter is of vital importance to us. 这件事对我们来说至关重要。
思维拓展
be vital to/for sth. 对……极为重要的
It is vital to do sth. 做……很重要 It is vital that... ……是十分重要的
It's vital that we (should) carry out the operation immediately. 我们应立即开始手术，因为这是生死攸关的。
误区警示
It is vital＋that...句型中从句要用should＋do虚拟结构，should可省略。 即时训练
It is vital to_keep(keep) an accurate record of every transaction.
3.commit vt.承诺；保证某个人、机构等 vi.忠于；全心全意投入工作、活动等 典型例句
Borrowers should think carefully before committing themselves to taking out a loan.
借款人应当慎重考虑之后再行借贷。 思维拓展
commit v．犯(罪或错等)；承诺；保证
commit sb./sth.to sth.将某人/事交给某处保留
commit sb./oneself to sth./doing sth./to do sth.承诺(做)某事 commitment n. 承诺；交托；信奉
committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚信的；坚定的 committee n．委员会
即时训练
①Giving up my job to go back to full－time education was a big commitment (commit)，but now I know it was the best decision I had ever made.
②Most crimes are_committed(commit) by young men.
4 evaluate vt.评价；评估
典型例句
I cannot evaluate his ability without seeing his work.
没见过他的工作，我无法评估他的能力。 Learn to evaluate all situations you find. 学着去评估你发现的所有情况。
即时训练
①Our research attempts to evaluate(evaluation) the effectiveness of the different drugs.
②One's contributions and mistakes will be_evaluated(evaluate) by later generations.
5 distinct adj.清晰的；清楚的；有区别的
典型例句
His voice was quiet but every word was distinct.
他说话声音不大，但字字清晰。 思维拓展
distinction n．差别；区分；卓著
We should learn to make a distinction between right and wrong. 我们应该学会分清是非。
She had the distinction of being the first woman to fly the Atlantic. 她不同凡响，是第一个飞越大西洋的女子。
即时训练
The new law makes no distinction(distinct) between adults and children.
6 boil vt.& vi.使沸腾；煮开；烧开 n.沸腾；沸点 典型例句
(1)vt.& vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开
The water is beginning to boil. 水开始沸腾。
Boil the egg for three minutes. 把鸡蛋煮三分钟。 (2)n.沸腾；沸点
Bring the soup to the boil, then allow it to simmer for five minutes. 把汤煮开，然后文火煮五分钟。 思维拓展
boiling water 沸水(即处于100℃的开水)
boiled water 白开水(烧开过的水)
即时训练
Boiling(boil) water cracked a cup across the bottom.
7.obtain vt.尤指经努力获得；赢得 vi.规章、习俗等存在；流行 典型例句
I finally managed to obtain a copy of the report.
我终于设法弄到了这份报告的一个副本。 These conditions no longer obtain. 这些条件不再适用。
思维拓展
obtain advice/information/promise得到忠告/信息/应许
obtainable adj.可获得的；可得到的
即时训练
The perfect body has always been difficult to_obtain(obtain)．
8.acknowledge vt.承认属实、权威等；公开感谢 典型例句
Do you acknowledge that you've been wrong?
你承不承认你错了？
We wish to acknowledge the support of the university. 我们希望对这所大学所提供的支持表示感谢。 思维拓展
acknowledge doing sth.承认做了某事
It is universally acknowledged that...……是大家公认的 acknowledge oneself beaten承认失败 acknowledge sb.向某人打招呼，问候 acknowledge sb.'s letter向某人表示信已收到
acknowledge sb./sth.to be...承认某人/某物是……；认为……是 acknowledge that承认……
acknowledge sb.as...＝accept sb.as认为/接受某人是/成为…… acknowledge sb.with sth.以……感谢某人 acknowledgement n．承认；感谢
即时训练
Professor Edward is widely acknowledged(acknowledge) as the best tutor in teaching the students how to revise essays.
9 defeat n.失败；挫败 vt.击败；战胜 典型例句
John snow defeats “king cholera”
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王” (1)vt.打败；战胜；使受挫
Li Na defeated her opponent and won the first in the final of the French Open in 2011. 在2011年法国网球公开赛决赛中，李娜击败对手获得了冠军。 The proposal was defeated by 16 votes to 6. 因16票反对，6票赞成，该提议未能通过。 (2)n.[C，U]失败
The Brazil national football team suffered a defeat in the World Cup. 巴西国家足球队在世界杯上被击败了。 易混辨析
defeat, beat, win
defeat beat 击败，强调过程和结果 打败；(连续)击打 宾语是对手 宾语是对手 win 赢得；获胜 宾语是game或prize等 即时训练 The navy played a limited but significant role in defeating(defeat) the rebellion.
10 analyse vt.分析
典型例句
We should analyse what they said and not just agree with everything.
我们应该对他们的意见加以分析，不要随声附和。 思维拓展
analysis n．分析，它的复数形式是analyses。
analysable adj.可分析的；可分解的 His analysis was always convincing. 他的分析总是令人信服的。
I want a detailed report of all the analyses. 我想要一份所有分析的详细报告。 Many compounds are analysable. 许多化合物是可分解的。
即时训练
They collect blood samples for analysis(analyse) at a national laboratory. 11 apparently adv.显而易见；看来；显然 典型例句
Apparently, they are getting married soon.
很显然，他们要结婚了。
I thought he had found a new job, but apparently he hasn't. 我原以为他找到了新工作，但显然还没有。
思维拓展
apparent adj.显而易见的；明白易懂的；显然的；表面上的
It was apparent from her face that she was really excited. 从她脸上一眼就可以看出她的确很兴奋。
It soon became apparent to all that he couldn't solve the problem. 很快大家就明白了他无法解决这个问题。 即时训练
Apparently(apparent) they are getting divorced soon. 12 insist vi.& vt.坚持；坚决要求 典型例句
They always insist on high quality.
他们一贯坚持高质量。
Her parents insisted on speaking to the headmaster. 她父母坚持要和校长谈话。 She insisted on him wearing a suit. 她坚持要他穿西装。
He insisted that he had seen a ghost. 他坚持说自己见到鬼了。
思维拓展
insist on sth.坚决要求某事；坚持说某事
insist on/upon doing sth.坚持要做某事
insist on/upon one's doing sth.坚持要求某人做某事 特别提示
insist的词义不同，其后的宾语从句形式也不同：
词意 坚持要求 坚持认为；坚持说 宾语从句使用陈述语气。 宾语从句 宾语从句使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语是“(should＋)do”结构。 Insisting that Tom had stolen his car, Smith insisted that Tom (should) be put in prison. 由于坚持认为汤姆偷了他的车，史密斯坚持要求把汤姆送进监狱。 即时训练
①If you insist on/upon leaving now, please go ahead.
②He insists that she come(come)．
13 conclusion n.结论；推论
典型例句
We can safely draw some conclusions from our discussion.
从讨论中我们可以有把握地得出一些结论。 思维拓展
make a conclusion下结论
come to/draw/arrive at/reach a/the conclusion得出结论 in conclusion(＝to conclude)最后，总之(常作插入语)
jump/leap to conclusions/the conclusion that...匆忙下结论，贸然断定 conclude vt.& vi.结束；推断出
with sth.
conclude (sth.)以……结束(……)
by doing sth.sth.from sth.
conclude(从……)推断出/断定……
from sth.that...
conclude...(to be)．..断定……(是)…… Let us conclude our meeting with a song. 请让我们用一首歌来结束我们的会议。 What do you conclude from the facts? 从这些事实中你得出了什么结论？
即时训练
I've come to the conclusion(conclude) that he's not the right person for the job.
14 flee vi.& vt.fled，fled迅速离开；逃跑 典型例句
He spent six months in prison before fleeing the country. 他在逃离那个国家之前坐了六个月的牢。
Many German artists fled to America at the beginning of World War Ⅱ. 二战开始时，很多德国艺术家逃到了美国。 易混辨析
flee与escape
flee只说明动作，不强调结果；escape逃离，结果是成功的。 The enemy fled in disorder but only a few of them narrowly escaped death. 敌人纷纷逃跑，但只有少数侥幸逃生。
即时训练
①All the teachers and students managed to_flee(flee) the burning teaching building.
②He applied for asylum(政治庇护) in 1987 after fleeing(flee) the police back home.
15 circumstance n.[usually pl.]条件；环境；状况
典型例句
In/Under the circumstances he felt unable to accept the job.
在这种情况下，他觉得无法接受这项工作。 I know I can trust the woman in any circumstances. 我知道我在任何情况下都能信任那个女人。 思维拓展
in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下，既然如此
in/under no circumstances 决不，无论如何都不(置于句首时，句子部分倒装) 即时训练
①—Can I use the telephone on the table，sir?
—Under no circumstances is (be) anyone allowed to use the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
②The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances(circumstance)．
考点集训一
1．They insisted upon being_given(give) every detail of the case. 2．The conclusion(conclude) of the book was disappointing. 3．The President is committed to reforming(reform) health care. 4．It was vital to_show(show) that he was not afraid.
5．Here's some boiled(boil) water.Have a drink whenever you're thirsty.
1 pay attention to注意
to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词，而且 attention 可被形容词 close, much, little 等
修饰。pay attention to 中的 attention 常前置用作“被动句的主语”或者用作“定语从句的先行词”等。如：
典型例句
Pay close attention to what you are doing.
密切注意你现在所做的。
思维拓展
give/pay attention to(doing)．..注意……
catch/attract one's attention 引起某人的注意 bring sth.to one's attention 使某人注意某事(物) draw/call one's attention to sth.使某人注意某事(物) fix one's attention on sth.把某人的注意力集中在某事(物)上 即时训练
You must pay attention to protecting(protect)the environment.
2 lead to导致；造成后果
典型例句
Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.
食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。 思维拓展
lead sb.into sth.
lead sb.sth.导致/造成某人做某事
lead to sb.doing sth.
即时训练
This storm led to a heavy loss.
3 with the objective of以……为目的
典型例句
We all live with the objective of being happy.
我们活着是为了幸福。
思维拓展
the main/primary/principle objective主要/首要/重要目标
meet/achieve your objective实现你的目标 set objectives设立目标
with the hope of怀有……的希望 with the purpose of怀有……的目的 with the aim of怀有……的目的 with the intention of有……的意向
即时训练
Many people went to California with the objective of getting rich.
4 get stuck卡住；陷入；被难住
典型例句
This drawer keeps getting stuck.
这个抽屉动不动就卡住。
思维拓展
get lost 迷路 get punished 受惩罚
get divorced 离婚 get washed 洗脸 get separated 被分开 get paid 得到报酬 get dressed 穿衣服 get married 结婚 get engaged 订婚 get drunk 喝醉
即时训练
Her car got stuck(stick) in the mud and couldn't move.
5 by chance 碰巧；凑巧
典型例句
I met an old friend at the airport by chance yesterday.
昨天我在机场偶然遇见了一位老朋友。 思维拓展
take a chance 冒险
take one's chances 碰运气
We took a chance on the weather to have the party outside. 我们冒着天气变化的危险到户外聚会。 He took his chances to find a job in a big city. 他到一座大城市去碰运气找工作。
即时训练
An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered by chance a long lost antique Greek vase.
6 other than除……以外通常用于否定陈述后 典型例句
He has visited every country in Asia other than Japan.
除了日本之外，他访问了所有的亚洲国家。 There's nobody here other than me. 除了我这里没别人。
I have not studied foreign languages other than English. 除了英语外，我没学过其他外语。
思维拓展
rather than意为“而不是，而没有”，侧重客观上的差别，还可以表示“与其……，倒不如……”，前后两端所连的词性是一致的，侧重句子主语或说话人主观上的选择。句中rather than前后一般应为名词、代词、动名词、形容词、谓语动词、动词不定式、介词短语，甚至分句等，有时可用介词短语instead of替代。
He was engaged in writing a letter rather than(＝instead of) reading the newspaper.
他那时是在写信而不是看报纸。
John ought to go rather than(＝instead of) Jean. 应该去的是约翰，而不是珍。
These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty. 这些鞋子谈不上漂亮，但穿起来倒很舒服。 Evans is a historian rather than a writer.
与其说埃文斯是个作家，不如说他是个史学家。 即时训练
①He hasn't anything left other than the book.
②The person who should be praised is you rather than me.
7 change one's mind 改变主意
典型例句
I've changed my mind.I don't want to go out.
我改变主意了，我不想出去了。
See if you can change his mind about going with us. 看看你能否让他改变主意，不要和我们一起去。 思维拓展
make up one's mind下决心
lose one's mind发疯 keep sth.in mind记住某事 to my mind在我看来
bring/call sth.to mind回想起某事 never mind没关系
即时训练
We are planning to climb the mountain, but he changed his mind and went to another place.
8 care about 关心；忧虑；惦念；在意 典型例句
The young should care about the old.
年轻人应该关心老人。
I don't care about whether he leaves or not. 我不在乎他离不离开。 思维拓展
care for＝take care of 照顾
care to do sth.愿意做某事；想要做某事 take care 注意；当心 with care 当心；仔细地
即时训练
Don't you care about our country's future? 考点集训二
1．She insisted on coming with us.
2．I have to pay attention to doing(do)my homework. 3．Is this the road leading(lead) to your village? 4．You can't get there other than by boat.
5．We got stuck(stick) in a terrible traffic jam in Taipei. 6．Those two ideas are quite distinct from each other.
7．For starters, commit yourself to making five phone calls a day.
1.Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is_thought_to_save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.
青蒿素已经成为治疗疟疾的关键，人们认为青蒿素每年仅在非洲就能救十万人。 句式分析
be thought to do sth.被认为……，该句型可以转化为It is/was thought that...。本句可以转化为：Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and it is thought that Artemisinin saves 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.。
At school he was thought to have an attitude problem.(＝It was thought that he had an attitude problem at school.)
上学时他被认为态度有问题。
Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals.(＝It was thought that land animals have developed from sea animals.)
陆地动物被认为是从海洋动物进化而来的。 即时训练
He's thought to_be(be)one of the richest men in Europe.
2.In 1967， the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria， and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. 1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。 句式分析
(1)这是一个由and连接而成的并列复合句。介词短语with the objective...作第一个分句的状语，表示目的。短语中的objective也可用aim、purpose、goal等替换。
(2)第二个分句中chosen是过去分词用作定语，修饰the first researchers。 思维拓展
过去分词(短语)作定语的用法：
①可表示被动和动作已完成②单个过去分词作定语时多前置，过去分词短语作定语 时多后置③过去分词短语作后置定语时可转化为定语从句A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body. 均衡的饮食为你的身体提供营养。
Have you read the novels written by Dickens(＝which were written by Dickens)? 你读过狄更斯写的小说吗？
即时训练
①You cannot accept an opinion offered(offer) to you unless it is based on facts.
②The garden surrounded (surround) by a long fence belongs to my aunt.
3.Upon_hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said... 当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说…… 句式分析
在本句中，“介词upon＋动词-ing形式”构成介词短语，用作时间状语。upon还可换为介词on，表示一件事紧接着另一件事而发生。这种用法常见于正式的文体，依据语境，可译作“在……的时候；当……时；一……就……”。
Upon graduating, he joined a small law firm. 一毕业他就加入了一个小型律师事务所。
Upon finishing it, I was struck by the feeling that it was the best composition I had ever written.
我写完这篇作文时，就感到这是我写过的最好的作文。
即时训练
Upon/On their return to the country, the women's volleyball team received praise and flowers.
4.It struck him that the other Chinese men in the photo apparently did not care about what was happening to their fellow countrymen. 令他震惊的是，照片中的其他中国人显然并不关心他们的同胞发生了什么。 句式分析
(1)在本句中，It 是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。it作形式主语的常见句型： ①It is＋名词(a fact，a good idea, a pity, a shame, no wonder)＋主语从句 ②It is＋形容词(necessary, clear, strange, important, wonderful) ＋主语从句 ③It＋不及物动词(happens，doesn't matter，occurs to sb.)＋主语从句
④It is＋过去分词(reported，hoped，thought，said，expected，believed)＋主语从句 It is important that he should know about this. 重要的是他应该知道此事。 It is said that he has gone to Shanghai. 据说他已经去了上海。
(2) 本句中“It struck him that”表示“他突然感到(觉得)……”。struck可用hit /occured to替换。如：
It hit/struck/occurred to me that I had met him somewhere. 我突然想到以前在什么地方见过他。 It struck me that she had come to borrow money. 我忽然想到她是来借钱的。
(3)句中what was happening to their fellow countrymen是what引导的名词性从句，作介词about的宾语。what引导的名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等，在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
What caused the accident remains unknown.
是什么引发了这起事故还不知道。(引导主语从句，在从句中作主语) This book will show you what should be known by good teachers.
这本书会告诉你优秀的教师应该了解什么。(引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语) Our city isn't what it used to be.
我们的城市不再是原来的样子了。(引导表语从句，在从句中作表语) 思维拓展
what 和that引导名词性从句的异同：
that引导名词性从句时不可省略(宾语从句除外)、不作成分、没有词义；what引导名词性从句时不可省略、作成分、有词义。 即时训练
①It is a pity that he failed to attend my party.
②It struck me that nobody was in favour of the change. ③ I lived in what you call ancient Greece.
5.From this， he concluded that the crucial problem in China was not physical illness， but the spiritual illness of people at that time.
由此，他得出结论，那时中国的关键问题不是身体疾病，而是人们的精神疾病。 句式分析
not...but...意为“不是……而是……”，可用于连接并列的名词、代词、形容词、副词、介宾短语或分句等。
Not he but his brother is to blame. 该受责备的是他弟弟而不是他。
He failed not because he isn't clever but because he didn't work hard. 他失败不是因为他不聪明，而是因为他工作不努力。
思维拓展
not...but...连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词要遵循“就近原则”，即谓语与 but 后的成分在人称和数上保持一致。用法类似的结构还有 either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also)．.., there be 句型等。
Not the workers but the manager is responsible for that.对那件事负责的是经理而不是工人们。
Not only the students but (also) their teacher is enjoying the movie.不仅学生们在津津有味
地看着这部电影，他们的老师也是如此。
即时训练
Either the team leader or the guides have_searched (search) for the lost students in the past 3 days.
考点集训三
1．Diamonds were once thought to_have(have)magical powers. 2．This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (write)．
3．Who were the so-called guests invited (invite) to your party last night? 4．Upon/On hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. 5．It struck me that we ought to make a new plan.
6．I think it was not the teacher but the two students that were (be) to blame.
7．I am writing the letter，hoping (hope) you can give me some advice on how to learn English well.
8．I suggested going (go) in my car.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I insisted(坚持认为) that we should have a look at every car. 2．He concluded(结束) by wishing everyone a safe trip home. 3．She burst into tears and fled(逃跑)． 4．He defeated(战胜) the champion in three sets. 5．He analysed(分析) the situation very closely.
6．She was apparently(显然) a very nervous woman, and that affected her career. 7．It was malicious gossip, completely without substance(事实根据)． 8．Under no circumstances(状况) should you lend Paul any money. Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．We need to draw a distinction(distinct) between the two events. 2．To_obtain(obtain) the overall score, add up the totals in each column.
3．The company's commitment(commit) to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success.
4．The guests watched as she fled(flee) from the room. 5．The world champion has only had two defeats(defeat) in 20 fights.
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
非限制性定语从句
考点一 非限制性定语从句的引导词 1．关系代词的选择
(1)非限制性定语从句不能用关系代词 that 引导。指人时，如果引导词在从句中作主语，要用 who，作宾语要用 whom/who；指物时要用 which/as。在句中，即使引导词作的是宾语也不能省略。
Mr Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father's. 张先生昨天来看我，他是我父亲的一位老朋友。(作主语) Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。(作宾语，不能省略) (2)as 和 which 的选择 1)as 引导的非限制性定语从句 ①位置灵活，可置于句首、句中和句末 ②先行词不可是一个词，通常是整个主句
③as 有“正如，就像”的意思，表示依据、评论、态度、看法等
④常用于以下动词的主、被动语态：know， say， expect， suggest， report 等 She has been late again, as was expected. 她又迟到了，这是预料之中的事。(位于句末) As we had expected, Tom passed the driving test.
正如我们预料的那样，汤姆通过了驾照考试。(位于句首)
Global warming, as we all know, has caused a lot of natural disasters.众所周知，温室效应已经引发了很多自然灾害。(位于句中)
2)which 引导的非限制性定语从句
①置于先行词之后，通常不置于句首②先行词既可是一个词，也可是整个主句或主句的部分内容，是整个主句时从句谓语动词用单数形式③which 有“这/那，这/那一点”之意
These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not produced any fruits.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。(which 指代 these apple trees)
Tom passed the driving test, which made his parents very happy.汤姆通过了驾照考试，这使他的父母很高兴。(which 指代整个主句)
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.他说他以前从没见过她，这不是真的。(which 指代主句中的宾语从句)
2．关系副词的选择
在非限制性定语从句中，关系副词(when, where, why)的选择方法和在限制性定语从句中的一样，即引导词在从句中作时间状语时用 when，作地点状语时用 where，作原因状语时用 why。
The story in the book happened in Canada, where Doctor Bethune was born.书中的故事发生在加拿大，白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。
I left on Sunday, when everyone was at home. 我星期日离开的，那天所有人都在家。 考点二 限制性/非限制性定语从句的区别 区别 限制性定语从句 不用逗号与主句隔开。如： 形式上 Do you remember the man who taught us English？你还记得教我们英语的那个人吗？ 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删去，句子意思将不完整。如： 意义上 This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。 译成先行词的定语。如： 译法上 He is the man who lives next to me.他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。 关系词的 使用上 1．关系代词的选取
在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词通常用 whom，不可用 who 和 that；先行词指物时关系代词通常用 which，不能用 that。注意：关系代词在从句中作定语时，要用 whose。
The young man with whom I travelled could speak French. 同我一起旅行的那个年轻人会说法语。 This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars. 这就是她花1 000美元买的戒指。 This is Mr Smith, in whose factory we work. 这就是史密斯先生，我们就在他的工厂里工作。 2．介词的选取
(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配确定介词。该动词与介词搭配构成动词短语。
Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 这就是你花高价买的车吗？(pay for sth.)
1.作宾语时可省略 2.可用 that 非限制性定语从句 用逗号与主句隔开。如： I've been to London, which is a beautiful city.我去过伦敦，那是一座美丽的城市。 只是对先行词的补充说明，如删去，句子意思仍然完整、明确。如： The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.这本书已经找到了，他昨天弄丢了它。 通常译成与主句并列的分句。如： He is a generous man, who lives next to me.他很慷慨，他住在我隔壁。 1.不可省略 2.不可用 that 考点三 “介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句 She is the person with whom I talked. 她就是我曾与之交谈的人。(talk with sb.)
(2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的搭配确定介词。该形容词与介词搭配构成形容词短语。
He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied. 他带来了老板非常满意的结果。
(3)根据先行词与介词的搭配确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词，它与介词之间有一定的联系。
Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time？你还记得我们第一次见面的日子吗？
Do you still remember the days during which we worked together? 你还记得我们在一起工作的那些日子吗？
(4)根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词与介词也不能构成固定的动词短语，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。
This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。 3.“介词＋关系代词”的特殊用法
(1)含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开使用，即介词不能提前，常见的此类短语动词有 look for, listen to, look after, take care of 等。
这就是我正在寻找的手表。
【正】This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for. 【误】This is the watch for which I am looking.
(2)“介词＋关系代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few, three, several 等代词或数词(相当于“介词＋关系代词＋代词/数词”)，也可以有名词(相当于“whose＋名词”)。
I bought many books yesterday, three/most of which (＝of which three/most) are written by Lu Xun.我昨天买了很多书，其中三本/大部分是鲁迅写的。
(3)介词 in, on, at, for 等与关系代词 which 一起引导定语从句时，有时可用相应的关系副词 when, where, why 等替换。
The reason for which (＝why) he refused the invitation is not clear.他拒绝邀请的理由还不清楚。
Great changes have taken place in the city in which (＝where) I was born.我出生的城市发生了很大的变化。
(4)“the＋名词＋of which/whom”一般可用“whose＋名词”替换，非正式文体中可以用“of which/whom＋the＋名词”替换。
I came across a sentence when reading the newspaper, the meaning of which I didn't understand.＝I came across a sentence when reading the newspaper, whose meaning I didn't understand.我看报纸时碰到一个句子，我无法理解它的意思。
单句语法填空
1．We have launched another man-made satellite, which is announced in today's newspaper. 2．Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, who,_for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.
3．There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science.
4．Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese people's long-held dreams come true.
5．I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, which my classmates recommended to me.
6．I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade, when I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.
7．I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, as many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin do.
8．Whenever I met her, which was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. 9．Just as a famous saying goes, every coin has two sides.
10．The famous footballer, in whose honour a party will be held, is to arrive this afternoon. 11．As is reported in the newspaper, a serious accident has happened recently.
12．The owner paid the worker for cleaning the whole building, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least one month.
13．I shall never forget those years when I lived in the country with the farmers, which has a great effect on my life.
14．Her father works in a factory, where he makes cars.
15．The old lady has two daughters, one of whom is working abroad. 16．This is one of the reasons why you have to give it up.
Section Ⅲ Using Language
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．found vt.创建；建立；把……建立在→founder n．创建者，创立者→foundation n．地基；基础； 基本原理；根据
2．infer vt.推断；推定
3．politician n．从政者；政治家；政客→politics n．政治→political adj.政治的
4．numerous adj.众多的；许多的 5．theory n．理论；学说 6．relativity n．相对论；相对性 7．genius n．天才；天资
8．gentle adj.温柔的；文静的→gently adv.温柔地；文静地
9．patent n．专利；专利证书；获得专利 adj.有专利的；受专利保护的 10．passion n．酷爱；激情 11．doctorate n．博士学位
12．extraordinary adj.不一般的；非凡的；意想不到的
13．gradually adv.逐渐地；逐步地→gradual adj.逐渐的；逐步的 14．photoelectric adj.光电的
15．institution n．社会公共机构；制度；习俗→ institute n．(教育、专业等)机构；机构建筑
16．consequence n．结果；后果→consequent adj.作为结果的→consequently adv.所以；因此
17．moustache n．上唇的胡子；髭 18．peculiarity n．个性；特点；怪异的性质 19．encounter vt.偶然碰到；遇到 n．邂逅；遭遇 20．professor n．教授→profession n．职业 21．mourn vt.& vi.哀悼；忧伤
22．remarkable adj.非凡的；显著的→remark vt.评论 23．device n．方法；技巧；装置；仪器
24．sum vi.总结；概括 n．金额；款项；总数；总和 25．draft n．草稿；草案 vt.起草；草拟
26．Switzerland n．瑞士(国家名)→Swiss adj.瑞士的→Swiss n．瑞士人→Swiss n．(pl.)瑞士人
27．Jewish adj.犹太人的；犹太教的 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．on the tip of one's tongue话在嘴边，差一点儿就说出口 2．get it懂了，明白了 3．serve as充当，担任
4．make great contributions to对……做出巨大贡献 5．manage to_do设法做成 6．patent office专利局
7．come to power(开始)掌权；上台 8．as a consequence因此，作为结果 9．take up a position担任；任职 10．as though/if好像 11．knock on敲门
12．be mistaken for被误认为 13．pass away去世 14．sum up总结；概括 15．apart from除……之外 16．Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖 17．to one's surprise令人吃惊的 18．put forward提出 19．in particular尤其，特别 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Why does Dr Wang say “money_isn't_everything”？ 为什么王博士说“金钱不是万能的”？
2．He made numerous contributions to the world, the_most_well-known_being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2.
他对世界做出了很多贡献，最出名的贡献是相对论理论和著名的公式E＝mc2。 3．While_working_there，out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning_a_doctorate_in physics in 1905.
在那里工作时，出于对知识的强烈热情，他继续学习，1905年获得物理学博士学位。 4．Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. 爱因斯坦是犹太人，他发现学术机构的大门对他关闭了。
5．On 18 April 1955, it_was_reported_that Einstein had passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
1955年4月18日，据报道爱因斯坦去世了，全世界都为一位杰出的科学家的逝世而哀悼。
1 found vt.创建；建立；把……建立在
典型例句
The town was founded by English settlers in 1790.
这座城镇是英格兰移民于1790年建的。 His theory is founded on facts. 他的理论是建立在事实基础之上的。 易混辨析
found，find
动词原形 found 过去式 founded 过去分词 founded 释义 建立 变化规律 规则动词 find found found 发现 不规则动词 思维拓展 be founded on/upon sth.(＝be based on)建立在某基础之上；建在某物之上
founder n. [C] 创立者；奠基者 foundation n. [C，U]基础；建立
即时训练
Their marriage was_founded (found) on love and mutual respect. 2 theory n.理论；学说
典型例句
One theory about the moon is that it is a piece broken off from the earth.
有一种关于月球的学说认为它是地球分离出的一部分。 This theory should be proved before it is used. 在运用这个理论前要对它进行证明。 思维拓展
in theory ([反] in practice) 理论上
Your plan is good in theory, but does it work in practice? 你的计划在理论上不错，但实施起来行吗？ 即时训练
We should combine theory (理论) with practice.
3 gentle adj.温柔的；文静的 典型例句
I like her gentle voice.
我喜欢她温和的声音。 He eats in a gentle way. 他吃饭的样子很文雅。 易混辨析
gentle, soft gentle soft 侧重指人或其他方面“体贴的；温和的”，含有安慰、爱抚等意思。 侧重指人说话声音低或说话怕被人听见，意思是“轻声的”，指物时，表示“柔软的”。 Arthur was a very gentle, caring person. 亚瑟是一个非常温柔体贴的人。
The soft music sounds very pleasing to the ear. 那轻柔的音乐听起来十分悦耳。 即时训练
She smiled gently(gentle) at him. 她温柔地朝他微笑。
4 gradually adv.逐渐地；逐步地 典型例句
Gradually，the children began to understand it. 孩子们渐渐开始明白这件事了。 They gradually improved their work. 他们逐渐地改善了工作。 思维拓展
gradual adj.逐渐的；逐步的
Recovery from the disease is very gradual. 这种病的康复过程很缓慢。
即时训练
Electricity lines to 30,000 homes were gradually(gradual) being restored yesterday.
5 consequence n.结果；后果
典型例句
I'm quite willing to take the consequences of my actions.
我很愿意承担自己行动的后果。
He studied hard，and in consequence he passed the exam. 他努力学习，因此通过了考试。
思维拓展
in consequence
因此，结果(＝as a result)
as a consequence
as a/in consequence of＝as a result of由于…… take the consequences of...承担……的后果 be of no/great consequence 无关紧要/非常重要 consequent adj.作为结果的；随之发生的 consequently adv.结果；因此
即时训练
He slipped and had his leg broken.As a consequence，he will have to be away from school for two or three months.
6 remarkable adj.非凡的；显著的 典型例句
That is indeed a remarkable thing.
那真是了不起的事情。
思维拓展
a remarkable achievement/career/talent非凡的成就/事业/才能
remark n．谈论；言论；评述vt.& vi.谈论；评论；说起
make a remark/ remarks on/ about就……发表意见；对……评头品足 make no remark什么也不说；不加评论 remark that...评论
remark on/upon谈论/评论……
remarkably adv.非常；极为；格外；出乎意料地
He made a number of rude remarks about the food here. 关于这里的食物他做了许多无礼的评论。
A local newspaper remarked that car accidents were on the decrease due to the forceful law. 一家地方报纸评论说由于强有力的法律措施，车祸在减少。 即时训练
①Since then, we have made remarkable(remark) progress.
②She is a remarkably (remarkable) determined politician. ③We passed a few remarks(remark) about the weather.
考点集训一
1．The business, founded(found) by Mike, suffered financial setbacks.
2．After a while, the sickness gradually(gradual) passed and she struggled to the mirror. 3.He is ready to take the consequences(consequence) of his behaviour. 4．China has made remarkable(remark)progress in the past 30 years. 5．He patted me gently(gentle) on the shoulder.
1 serve as充当，担任
典型例句
The general had served as a soldier in the earlier war.
在早期的战争中，这位将军曾当过士兵。 The sofa will serve as a bed for a night or two. 沙发可以当床凑合一两夜。
即时训练
Let these words of mine serve as a warning to you.
2 manage to do设法做成
典型例句
Do you believe you can manage to finish the work in an hour?
你认为你能在一小时内完成这项工作吗？
Though we left home very late, we managed to catch the last bus. 尽管我们出门很晚，但我们赶上了末班车。
思维拓展
manage it 表示“完成；能对付得了；能应付”，常用在交际用语中。
—Can I help you, Madame? ——女士，需要帮忙吗？
—Oh, thanks, but I can manage it myself. ——噢，谢谢。我自己能行。 易混辨析
manage to do sth., try to do sth.
(1)manage to do sth.表示“成功地做了某事”，重在结果，相当于 succeed in doing sth.。 We managed to get there on time.
我们设法按时到达了那里。(结果是按时到达了)
(2)try to do sth.表示“尽力做某事，设法做某事”，重在动作，但并不一定成功，相当于 attempt to do sth.。
We tried to get there on time.
我们尽力按时赶到那里。(不知是否成功)
即时训练
Despite all the troubles, she managed to_get(get) the chicken into the stove.
3 come to power 当权；上台
典型例句
When he came to power, he broke his promise of reducing tax.
他当权后就不再遵守减少税收的诺言了。 思维拓展
be in power 当权；执政 易混辨析
come to power, be in power
come to power为非延续性动词短语，不与时间段连用；be in power为延续性动词短语，可与时间段连用。
De Gaulle came to power in 1958. 戴高乐于1958年开始执政。
The young king had been in power for seven years. 那位年轻的国王已经掌权七年了。
即时训练
When the government had come to power, he had been named minister of culture.
4 take up开始从事；占用；花去 典型例句
When did he take up football?
他是什么时候开始踢足球的？ The work took up all his time. 那工作花费了他所有的时间。 思维拓展
take back收回；取回
take down写下，记下；拆散 take in吸收；领会；欺骗 take off脱下；起飞 take on雇用；呈现；承担 take over接管，接任
即时训练
After graduating from a university, Li Yan took up her job as a teacher in the countryside.
5 be mistaken for被错认为……
典型例句
But tolerance can be mistaken for kindness.
但容忍会被错认为仁慈。
思维拓展
mistaken adj.(见解或判断上)错误的；不正确的
be mistaken about对……持错误的见解 mistake sb./sth.误解/误会某人/某事 mistake n．错误 make a mistake犯错误 by mistake错误地
If I'm not mistaken, that's the man we saw on the bus.
要是我没认错人的话，我们在公共汽车上看见的就是那个男子。 He is mistaken about happiness. 他对幸福持有错误的见解。
This time we find that the bees mistake red for dark gray or black. 这次我们发现，蜜蜂错把红色当成深灰色或黑色。 I hope you will forgive me for opening your letter by mistake. 我误拆了您的信，期望您原谅。
即时训练
My voice has got so low now that I was mistaken for a man the other day on the phone.
6 sum up总结；概括；判断；估量
典型例句
To sum up, there are three main ways of dealing with the problem.
概括起来说，这一问题主要有三种解决办法。 Can I just sum up what we've agreed so far? 我能否就我们目前已经达成的共识作个概括？ She quickly summed up the situation and took control. 她很快就看出是怎么回事，并控制住了局面。 思维拓展
sum n．金额；总和；全部
in sum总而言之 summary n．总结；概要 summarize vt.总结；概括；概述
即时训练
Let me sum up the last lesson.After that we'll take up a new lesson.
7 apart from 除……之外还有
典型例句
Apart from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.
他们在伦敦有一座房子，此外，在西班牙还有一座别墅。 I have finished all apart from the last question. 除了最后一道题，我都做完了。
易混辨析
apart from, besides/in addition to, except, except for, except that
apart from相当于besides 和 in addition to。它还可表示“除了……以外”，用于所言不包括的人或事物前，相当于except。
◆besides/in addition to 除了……以外(还有)。除去的部分包含在整体之内 ◆except 除了……以外。除去的部分不在整体之内
◆except for 除了……以外。从细节方面对整体进行修正，除去的部分与整体一般不是同一类事物
◆except that 除了……以外(都)。that 引导从句，有时可省略 即时训练
Apart from that, I also have a passion for theatre and the arts.
8 to one's surprise使某人惊讶的是 典型例句
To my surprise, he came on time.
使我惊讶的是，他按时来了。
Much to my surprise, they offered me the job. 使我非常惊奇的是，他们把那份工作给了我。 思维拓展
much to one's surprise令某人十分惊讶
to one's delight/joy 使某人高兴的是 to one's disappointment 使某人失望的是 to one's astonishment 使某人惊讶的是 即时训练
To my surprise, this plan succeeded!
9 put forward提出；拨快；将……提前；推荐 典型例句
Who put forward a theory about black holes?
谁提出了黑洞理论？
思维拓展
put up with 忍受，容忍
put aside 搁置；不理睬；储蓄 put away 把……收起来；储蓄 put off 推迟，延期
put through 使经受；接通(电话) put out 熄灭；出版；生产 put back 将……放回原处；推迟
put together 放在一起
put up 举起；张贴；建造；为…… 提供住宿；推荐；提出
即时训练
It was I who put forward the theory first.
10 in particular 尤其，特别
典型例句
I noticed his eyes in particular，because they were very big.
我特别注意到他的眼睛，因为那双眼睛很大。 It was a good concert.I enjoyed the last song in particular. 这是一场不错的音乐会。我尤其喜欢最后那首歌。 思维拓展
particular adj.特别的，特殊的；讲究的，挑剔的
be particular about/over对……挑剔/讲究 She is very particular about her clothes. 她对衣着特别挑剔。
即时训练
The whole meal was good but the wine in particular was excellent.
考点集训二
1．In recent years, Chinese leaders have put forward the theory of peaceful development. 2．The name of the book was right on the tip of my tongue, but I just couldn't remember it. 3．When Xiao Wu was praised, he was embarrassed, much to our surprise. 4．—Don't forget to turn off the TV. —OK. I got it!
5．You are completely mistaken about Jane.
6．Will you please sum up the main ideas of this article? 7．I am often mistaken for my sister.
8．In addition, apart from sending language teachers, the Confucius Institute should also look for creative intellectuals in other fields with a sense of mission about Chinese culture.
9．They had come to power ten years earlier.
Why dose Dr Wang say “money isn't everything”？1. 为什么王博士说“金钱不是万能的”？句式分析
not everything是一个部分否定句。表示“全体”意义的代词、形容词或副词，如all, both, every, everything, everyone, everywhere, always等与否定词not连用构成部分否定。
All answers are not correct.(＝Not all the answers are correct.) 不是所有的答案都正确。
Both of them don't smoke.(＝Not both of them smoke.) 不是他们俩都抽烟。
Every man is not honest.(＝Not every man is honest.) 并不是每个人都诚实。
思维拓展
表示完全否定意义的词与肯定形式的谓语动词连用时，表示完全否定。该类词有none, neither, nothing, nobody, no等。
Neither of them likes sports. 他们俩都不喜欢运动。 None of these things are mine. 这些东西都不是我的。 Nothing is ready. 一切都没准备好。
即时训练
①All that glitters(闪光) is not gold.
发光的未必都是金子。
②Not all graduates can find a proper job after graduation. 并非所有的大学毕业生都能在毕业后找到一份合适的工作。 ③并非每个人都喜欢骑自行车上班。
Not_everyone_is_fond_of_cycling_to_work./Everyone_isn't_fond_of_cycling_to_work. ④Not everything goes well.(改为全部否定) Nothing_goes_well. 2.He made numerous contributions to the world， the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2.
他对世界做出了很多贡献，最出名的贡献是相对论理论和著名的公式E＝mc2。 句式分析
the most well-known being属于“名词＋现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等。 思维拓展
独立主格结构形式归纳：
①名词/代词 ＋ 现在分词(表示主动或正在进行) ②名词/代词 ＋ 过去分词(表示被动或已完成) ③名词/代词 ＋ 不定式(表示将要发生的动作)
④名词/代词 ＋ 形容词/副词/介词短语(常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态)
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
More time given, we should have done it much better.
若给更多时间，我们会做得更好。 The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.
那位猎人手拿着枪进了树林。(不可以说 a gun in hand 或 gun in his hand)
即时训练
It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring(measure) over 90 metres. 3.While working there，out of a strong passion for knowledge， he continued to study， earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.
在那里工作时，出于对知识的强烈热情，他继续学习，1905年获得物理学博士学位。 典型例句
句中时间状语从句While working there用了省略形式，补充完整为While he was working there。状语从句的省略有两种情况：
①若从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且从句谓语中含有be，可省略从句中的主语和be；
②若从句的主语是it，且从句谓语中含有be，it和be可一同省略。
He fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework. 他在做功课时睡着了。
Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret. 年轻时你要努力工作，否则你会后悔的。 Fill in a proper preposition where (it is) necessary. 在需要的地方填入一个适当的介词。
He opened the desk, as if (he was) in search of something important. 他打开抽屉，仿佛要找什么重要的东西。 巧学助记
状语从句省略口诀：
时、条、让、方、地，
主语同，谓语be，二者省去不可惜； 从句主语是it，省去it's也可以。
即时训练
①If asked (ask) to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
②There are some health problems that, when not treated(treat) in time can become bigger ones later on.
③While walking(walk)the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.
4.Einstein， who was Jewish， found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. 爱因斯坦是犹太人，他发现学术机构的大门对他关闭了。 句式分析
本句是复合句。who was Jewish是非限制性定语从句。 主句中found接复合宾语，宾语是doors，宾语补足语是closed。宾语补足语和宾语之间构成被动关系，故此处使用过去分词。 思维拓展
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构的具体形式：
过去分词
find＋宾语名词名词或代
介词短语
词＋宾补
形容词副词
现在分词表示主动和动作正在进行
表示被动和动作已经完成
We found our mother waiting for us to have dinner. 我们发现妈妈正在等我们吃晚饭。
即时训练
①I found myself surrounded(surround) by a group of children.
②She woke up and found herself lying(lie) in hospital.
5.On 18 April 1955， it was reported that Einstein had passed away， and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
1955年4月18日，据报道爱因斯坦去世了，全世界都为一位杰出的科学家的逝世而哀悼。 句式分析
“It is/was said/reported/believed/known/thought...＋thatclause”句型意为“据说/据报道/大家认为/众所周知/人们认为……”，此句型中it是形式主语，后面的that从句是真正的主语。以上这种句型可以转换成下面的两种句型：
People say/report/believe/know/think...＋that-clause
sb.be said/reported/believed/known/thought... to do/have done sth.据说她能妙手回春。
→It is said that she is as effective as God，bringing the dying back to life. →People say that she is as effective as God，bringing the dying back to life. →She is said to be as effective as God，bringing the dying back to life. 即时训练
①Tom is said to_have_bought(buy) a new flat in the town already.
②It is said that he has won the match.
考点集训三
1．A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking(smoke) in the kitchen. 2．It is reported that another man-made satellite has been sent up in China. 3．When buying(buy) fish, you should first smell it. 4．Leaves falling(fall) here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. 5．There being(be) no bus, we had to walk home after the party was over.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．As we all know, China was founded(建立)in 1949.
2．Much of the meaning must be inferred(推断)from the context.
3．They have arrested a number of leading opposition politicians(政治家)． 4．That sounds fine in theory(理论), but have you really thought it through? 5.I'll draft(起草)a letter for you.
6．The device was protected by patent(专利) . 7．She's studying for her doctorate(博士学位)． 8．He's a genius(天才)at organizing people.
9．The whole nation had mourned(哀悼)the death of their great leader. 10．The device(设备)is not designed to transmit to satellites. Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．His passion for her made him blind to everything else. 2．The car is in remarkably(remark)good condition for its age. 3.To their surprise, hundreds replied to the advertisement. 4．The boat began to drift gently(gentle) acroos the water. 5．Time permitting(permit), you can pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzhou. 6.I opened the window only to find the world outside completely changed(change)．
7．It is said(say)that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.
8.Mike summed his weekend up in one word “Disastrous.”
9．She led me into the front room, which served as her office. 10.Somehow, he'd managed to_persuade(persuade) Kay to buy one for him.
Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．crucial adj.至关重要的；关键性的
crucial factor/ issue/decision关键性的因素/问题/决定 be crucial to/for sth.对……至关重要 be crucial that... ……是极其重要的
2．vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的 be vital to/for sth.对……极为重要的 It is vital to do sth.做……很重要 It is vital that...……是十分重要的
3．commit vt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等) vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等) commit v．犯(罪或错等)；承诺，保证 commit sb./sth.to sth.将某人/事交给某处保留
commit sb./oneself to sth./doing sth./to do sth.承诺(做)某事 commitment n. 承诺；交托；信奉
committed adj.尽心尽力的；坚信的；坚定的 committee n．委员会 4．evaluate vt.评价；评估
5．distinct adj.清晰的；清楚的；有区别的 distinction n．差别；区分；卓著
6．boil vt.& vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开 n．沸腾；沸点 boiling water 沸水(即处于100℃的开水) boiled water 白开水(烧开过的水)
7．obtain vt.(尤指经努力)获得；赢得 vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行 obtain advice/information/promise得到忠告/信息/应许 obtainable adj.可获得的；可得到的
8．acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢 acknowledge doing sth.承认做了某事
It is universally acknowledged that...……是大家公认的 acknowledge oneself beaten承认失败 acknowledge sb.向某人打招呼，问候 acknowledge sb.'s letter向某人表示信已收到
acknowledge sb./sth.to be...承认某人/某物是……；认为……是 acknowledge that承认……
acknowledge sb.as...＝accept sb.as认为/接受某人是/成为…… acknowledge sb.with sth.以……感谢某人 acknowledgement n．承认；感谢 9．defeat n．失败；挫败 vt.击败；战胜 10．analyse vt.分析
anslysis n．分析。它的复数形式是analyses。 analysable adj.可分析的；可分解的 11．apparently adv.显而易见；看来；显然
apparent adj.显而易见的；明白易懂的；显然的；表面上的 12．insist vi.& vt.坚持；坚决要求 insist on sth.坚决要求某事；坚持说某事 insist on/upon doing sth.坚持要做某事
insist on/upon one's doing sth.坚持要求某人做某事 13．conclusion n．结论；推论 make a conclusion下结论
come to/draw/arrive at/reach a/the conclusion 得出结论
in conclusion(＝to conclude)最后，总之(常作 插入语)
jump/leap to conclusions/the conclusion that... 匆忙下结论，贸然断定 conclude vt.& vi.结束；推断出
with sth.
conclude (sth.)以……结束(……)
by doing sth.sth.from sth.
conclude(从……)推断出/断定……
from sth.that...
conclude...(to be)．..断定……(是)…… 14．flee vi.& vt.(fled，fled)迅速离开；逃跑 15．circumstance n．[usually pl.]条件；环境；状况 in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下，既然如此
in/under no circumstances 决不，无论如何都不(置于句首时，句子部分倒装) 16．found vt.创建；建立；把……建立在
be founded on/upon sth.(＝be based on)建立在某基础之上；建在某物之上 founder n. [C] 创立者；奠基者 foundation n. [C，U]基础；建立 17．theory n．理论；学说 in theory ([反] in practice) 理论上 18．gentle adj.温柔的；文静的 19．gradually adv.逐渐地；逐步地 gradual adj.逐渐的；逐步的 20．consequence n．结果；后果
in consequence
因此，结果(＝as a result)
as a consequence
as a/in consequence of＝as a result of由于…… take the consequences of...承担……的后果 be of no/great consequence 无关紧要/非常重要 consequent adj.作为结果的；随之发生的 consequently adv.结果；因此 21．remarkable adj.非凡的；显著的
a remarkable achievement/career/talent非凡的成就/事业/才能 remark n．谈论；言论；评述vt.& vi.谈论；评论；说起
make a remark/ remarks on/ about就……发表意见；对……评头品足 make no remark什么也不说；不加评论 remark that...评论
remark on/upon谈论/评论……
remarkably adv.非常；极为；格外；出乎意料地 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．pay attention to注意
give/pay attention to doing...注意…… catch/attract one's attention 引起某人的注意 bring sth.to one's attention 使某人注意某事(物) draw/call one's attention to sth.使某人注意某事(物) fix one's attention on sth.把某人的注意力集中在某事(物)上 2．lead to导致；造成(后果)
lead sb.into sth.
lead sb.sth.导致/造成某人做某事
lead to sb.doing sth.
3．with the objective of以……为目的
the main/primary/principle objective主要/首要/重要目标 meet/achieve your objective实现你的目标 set objectives设立目标
with the hope of怀有……的希望 with the purpose of怀有……的目的 with the aim of怀有……的目的 with the intention of有……的意向 4．get stuck卡住；陷入；被难住 get lost 迷路 get punished 受惩罚 get divorced 离婚 get washed 洗脸 get separated 被分开 get paid 得到报酬 get dressed 穿衣服 get married 结婚 get engaged 订婚 get drunk 喝醉
5．by chance 碰巧；凑巧 take a chance 冒险 take one's chances 碰运气 6．other than除……以外
rather than意为“而不是，而没有”，侧重客观上的差别，还可以表示“与其……，倒不
如……”，前后两端所连的词性是一致的，侧重句子主语或说话人主观上的选择。句中rather than前后一般应为名词、代词、动名词、形容词、谓语动词、动词不定式、介词短语，甚至分句
等，有时可用介词短语instead of替代。
7．change one's mind 改变主意 make up one's mind下决心 lose one's mind发疯 keep sth.in mind记住某事 to my mind在我看来
bring/call sth.to mind回想起某事 never mind没关系
8．care about 关心；忧虑；惦念；在意 care for＝take care of 照顾
care to do sth.愿意做某事；想要做某事 take care 注意；当心 with care 当心；仔细地 9．serve as充当，担任 10．manage to do设法做成
manage it表示“完成；能对付得了；能应付”，常用在交际用语中。 11．come to power 当权；上台 be in power 当权；执政
12．take up开始从事；占用；花去 take back收回；取回 take down写下，记下；拆散 take in吸收；领会；欺骗 take off脱下；起飞 take on雇用；呈现；承担 take over接管，接任
13．be mistaken for被错认为……
mistaken adj.(见解或判断上)错误的；不正确的 be mistaken about...对……持错误的见解 mistake sb./sth.误解/误会某人/某事 mistake n．错误 make a mistake犯错误 by mistake错误地
14．sum up总结；概括；判断；估量 sum n．金额；总和；全部 in sum总而言之 summary n．总结；概要 summarize vt.总结；概括；概述 15．apart from 除……之外(还有) 16．to one's surprise 使某人惊讶的是
much to one's surprise令某人十分惊讶 to one's delight/joy使某人高兴的是 to one's disappointment使某人失望的是 to one's astonishment使某人惊讶的是
17．put forward提出；拨快；将……提前；推荐 put up with忍受，容忍 put aside搁置；不理睬；储蓄 put away把……收起来；储蓄 put off推迟，延期
put through使经受；接通(电话) put out熄灭；出版；生产 put back将……放回原处；推迟 put together放在一起
put up举起；张贴；建造；为……提供住宿；推荐；提出 18．in particular 尤其，特别
particular adj.特别的，特殊的；讲究的，挑剔的 be particular about/over对……挑剔/讲究 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is_thought_to_save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.
青蒿素已经成为治疗疟疾的关键，人们认为青蒿素每年仅在非洲就能救十万人。 be thought to do sth.被认为……，该句型可以转化为It is/was thought that...。本句可以转化为：Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and it is thought that Artemisinin saves 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.。
2．In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with_the_objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. 1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。
(1)这是一个由and连接而成的并列复合句。介词短语with the objective...作第一个分句的状语，表示目的。短语中的objective也可用aim、purpose、goal等替换。
(2)第二个分句中chosen是过去分词用作定语，修饰the first researchers。 过去分词(短语)作定语的用法：
①可表示被动和动作已完成②单个过去分词作定语时多前置，过去分词短语作定语 时多后置③过去分词短语作后置定语时可转化为定语从句
3．Upon_hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said... 当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说……
在本句中，“介词upon＋动词-ing形式”构成介词短语，用作时间状语。upon还可换为介
词on，表示一件事紧接着另一件事而发生。这种用法常见于正式的文体，依据语境，可译作“在……的时候；当……时；一……就……”。
4．It_struck_him_that the other Chinese men in the photo apparently did not care about what_was_happening to their fellow countrymen. 令他震惊的是，照片中的其他中国人显然并不关心他们的同胞发生了什么。 (1)在本句中，It 是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。it作形式主语的常见句型： ①It is＋名词(a fact，a good idea, a pity, a shame, no wonder)＋主语从句 ②It is＋形容词(necessary, clear, strange, important, wonderful) ＋主语从句 ③It＋不及物动词(happens，doesn't matter，occurs to sb.)＋主语从句
④It is＋过去分词(reported，hoped，thought，said，expected，believed)＋主语从句 (2) 本句中“It struck him that”表示“他突然感到(觉得)……”。struck可用hit /occured to替换。
(3)句中what was happening to their fellow countrymen是what引导的名词性从句，作介词about的宾语。what引导的名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等，在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
5．From this, he concluded that the crucial problem in China was not physical illness, but the spiritual illness of people at that time.
由此，他得出结论，那时中国的关键问题不是身体疾病，而是人们的精神疾病。 not...but...意为“不是……而是……”，可用于连接并列的名词、代词、形容词、副词、介宾短语或分句等。
not...but...连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词要遵循“就近原则”，即谓语与 but 后的成分在人称和数上保持一致。用法类似的结构还有 either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also)．.., there be 句型等。
6．Why dose Dr Wang say “money_isn't_everything”？ 为什么王博士说“金钱不是万能的”？
not everything是一个部分否定句。表示“全体”意义的代词、形容词或副词，如all, both, every, everything, everyone, everywhere, always等与否定词not连用构成部分否定。
表示完全否定意义的词与肯定形式的谓语动词连用时，表示完全否定。该类词有none, neither, nothing, nobody, no等。
7．He made numerous contributions to the world, the_most_well-known_being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2.
他对世界做出了很多贡献，最出名的贡献是相对论理论和著名的公式E＝mc2。 the most well-known being属于“名词＋现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等。
独立主格结构形式归纳：
①名词/代词 ＋ 现在分词(表示主动或正在进行) ②名词/代词 ＋ 过去分词(表示被动或已完成) ③名词/代词 ＋ 不定式(表示将要发生的动作)
④名词/代词 ＋ 形容词/副词/介词短语(常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状
态)
8．While_working_there，out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.
在那里工作时，出于对知识的强烈热情，他继续学习，1905年获得物理学博士学位。 句中时间状语从句While working there用了省略形式，补充完整为While he was working there。状语从句的省略有两种情况：
①若从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且从句谓语中含有be，可省略从句中的主语和be；
②若从句的主语是it，且从句谓语中含有be，it和be可一同省略。
9．Einstein, who was Jewish, found_the_doors of academic institutions closed to him. 爱因斯坦是犹太人，他发现学术机构的大门对他关闭了。
本句是复合句。who was Jewish是非限制性定语从句。 主句中found接复合宾语，宾语是doors，宾语补足语是closed。宾语补足语和宾语之间构成被动关系，故此处使用过去分词。
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构的具体形式：
过去分词find＋宾语名词名词或代
介词短语
词＋宾补
形容词副词
现在分词表示主动和动作正在进行
表示被动和动作已经完成
10．On 18 April 1955, it_was_reported_that Einstein had passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
1955年4月18日，据报道爱因斯坦去世了，全世界都为一位杰出的科学家的逝世而哀悼。
“It is/was said/reported/believed/known/thought...＋thatclause”句型意为“据说/据报道/大家认为/众所周知/人们认为……”，此句型中it是形式主语，后面的that从句是真正的主语。以上这种句型可以转换成下面的两种句型：
People say/report/believe/know/think...＋that-clause
sb.be said/reported/believed/known/thought... to do/have done sth.
写作技巧点拨
描述一位你钦佩的人
请你根据提示，用英语写一篇关于著名科学家钱学森的简介。
钱学森，1911年生于上海，1935年赴美留学，成绩优异，受到当时的著名科学家冯·卡门(Von Karman)的赞誉；1938年在美国获航空、数学博士学位；1950年获悉新中国成立的消息，克服了美国政府的百般阻挠，于1955年回到祖国；从1958年起长期担任航空航天研究工作，为新中国的航天事业做出了巨大的贡献，被誉为“新中国航天之父”；2009年于北京去世。
参考词汇：航空航天科学技术aerospace science and technology
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一、构思谋篇
1．时态：过去时为主。 2．人称：第三人称。
3．结构：首先介绍其基本信息；其次介绍其主要事迹；最后作出评价。 二、关键词语
1．be regarded as被认为是…… 2．be born in生于……
3．go to America for further study赴美留学 4．be highly thought of受到赞誉 5．be devoted to全身心地投入到…… 6．contribute a lot to做出巨大贡献 7．because of/as a result of由于
8．receive the respect and admiration from受到……热爱和尊敬 三、连词成句
1．钱学森被认为是中国航天之父。
Qian Xusen is regarded as the father of China's space program. 2．钱学森于1911年出生于上海。 Qian Xusen was born in 1911 in Shanghai.
3．1935年赴美留学，成绩优异，受到当时的著名科学家冯·卡门(Von Karman)的赞誉。 In 1935, Qian went to America for further study and was highly thought of by Von Karman because of his great achievements.
4．1950年获悉新中国成立的消息，并于1955年成功回到祖国。
In 1950, he heard New China had been founded and succeeded in returning to his homeland in 1955.
5．由于他对祖国的热爱以及所做出的巨大贡献，钱学森受到了人们的热爱和尊敬。 Because of the love for his country and the great achievements, he has received the respect and admiration from people.
6．用过去分词作状语合并句1和句2。
Qian Xuesen, regarded as the father of China's space program, was born in 1911 in Shanghai. 四、连句成篇
Qian Xuesen, regarded as the father of China's space program, was born in 1911 in Shanghai.In 1935, Qian went to America for further study and was highly thought of by Von Karman because of his great achievements.In 1938, he obtained his doctor's degree in aerospace science and mathematics in the US.In 1950, he heard New China had been founded and succeeded in returning to our homeland in 1955 though the American government tried to stop him.Since 1958 he had been devoted to the research into aerospace science and technology and contributed a lot to the cause of China's aerospace.In 2009, he passed away in Beijing.Because of the love for his country and the great achievements, he has received the respect and admiration from people.
高考写作中的人物写作侧重人物的介绍，可以用第一人称(如写求职信)，也可以用第三人称。时态常常用一般现在时和一般过去时，具体的人称和时态要依据写作的要求来确定。写作过程中要注意以下几个方面的问题：
1．人物写作通常需要介绍人物的姓名、年龄、外貌、学历、经历、专业、爱好、特长、事迹、性格等多个方面，但英语写作需要严格按照写作要求来写，要包括所给的全部信息点，既不能遗漏，也不能随意添加。
2．对题目所给的信息要进行适当重组，安排好写作顺序，突出重点信息。重点信息通常是写作的目的所在，比如求职信要重点突出学历、经历，新闻报道要重点突出事迹，介绍自己的老师、朋友要突出他们的特点等。
3．正确运用描写人物的词汇和句型。
4．注意运用正确的时态。描写人物的外貌、性格、兴趣等常用一般现在时，而描写人物的出生、教育背景、经历、事迹等常用一般过去时。
Unit 2 Looking Into The Future
In the future, man's life will be very different from that of today.First, with the development of medicine, on average, a person will live to the age of about 120.Second, because of the discovery of new energy, the environmental pollution will be under control.Third, people's daily life will change greatly, too.For example, robots will do all your housework for you; your chair will change its color to match what you're wearing; you can also put your mobile phone around your wrist and can see the caller while speaking; you even can take a new elevator into space for your holidays.
开启快乐学习之旅
在未来，人的生活将与现在有很大的不同。首先，随着医学的发展，平均来说，一个人会活到120岁左右。其次，由于新能源的发现，环境污染将得到控制。第三，人们的日常生活也会发生很大变化。例如，机器人会为你做所有的家务。你的椅子会改变它的颜色，以与你的穿着相匹配。你也可以把你的手机戴在你的手腕上，这样在通话时就可以看到对方，你甚至可以乘一部新的电梯到太空去度假。
模块核心素养导航
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词 1．phrase n．短语
2．persuade vt.劝说；说服→persuasion n．劝说，说服(力)→persuasive adj.有说服力的；劝说的
3．switch vt.转换；交换 vt.& vi.(使)改变；转变 n．开关；转换器；改变
4．distant adj.遥远的；远处的；疏远的；心不在焉的→distance n．距离；远方；疏远→distance vt.疏远；把……远远甩在后面
5．secure adj.安全的；安心的；可靠的；牢固的 vt.获得；拴牢；保护→security n．保护措施；安全工作
6．knob n．旋钮；球形把手 7．appliance n．电器；器具 8．remote adj.远程的；偏远的
9．automatic adj.自动的→automatically adv.自动地
10．integrated adj.各部分密切协调的；综合的→integratevi.& vt.(使)合并；成为一体→integration n．综合；一体化；融化
11．sensor n．传感器；敏感元件→sense n．感觉能力；意识；感觉 vt.感觉到；觉察到；意识到；理解；领悟
12．efficient adj.效率高的；有功效的→efficiency n．效率；功率 13．mode n．模式；方式；风格
14．routine n．常规；正常顺序 adj.常规的；日常的 15．preference n．爱好；偏爱→prefer vi.& vt.更喜欢；宁愿
16．instant n．瞬间；片刻 adj.立即的；速食的；速溶的→instantly adv.立即，立刻；马上地；立即地 conj.一……就……
17．command n．指令；命令；控制 vt.命令；控制→commander n．指挥官，司令官 18．obey vi.& vt.服从；遵守→disobey vi.& vt.不服从；不遵守 19．warning n．警告；警示；先兆→warn vi.& vt.警告
20．constant adj.不断的；重复的；不变的 n．常数；常量→constantly adv.不断地 21．abnormal adj.不正常的；反常的→normal adj.正常的 22．critical adj.严重的；关键的；批判性的 23．cancer n．癌；癌症；毒瘤
24．potentially adv.潜在地；可能地→potential adj.可能的；潜在的 n．潜力；可能性 25．leak vi.& vt.漏；渗漏；透露 n．漏洞；裂缝；透露
26．electrical adj.电的；用电的→electricity n．电力；电流→electric adj.电的；电动的；发电的；导电的
27．wiring n．电线线路；线路系统 →wire n．电线；金属丝(或线) vt.接通电源；将……连接到→wireless adj.无线的
28．detect vt.发现；查明→detective n．侦探→detection n．侦查；察觉；发觉；检查 29．relevant adj.有关的；有意义的→relevance n．中肯；关联；相关性→irrelevant adj.无关的；无意义的
30．fantasy n．幻想；想象
31．innovation n．创新；创造→innovate v．改革；创新 32．available adj.可获得的；可购得的；(人)有空的 33．nevertheless adv.尽管如此；不过；然而
34．structure n．结构；体系 vt.系统安排；精心组织
35．crime n．犯罪活动；不法行为→criminal adj.犯罪的；刑事的
36．combine vt.& vi.(使)结合；混合→combination n．结合；结合到一起的事物或人
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．switch off/on关/开(电灯、机器等) 2．all the time一直
3．remote control遥控器；_遥控 4．air conditioner空调机；空调设备 5．by oneself单独，独自，独立，靠自己 6．daily routine日常生活
7．along with和……一起，随着；以及；连同 8．respond to回答；响应；反应；反响 9．in addition另外；除此之外；并且；况且
10．keep track of记录；追踪；一直清楚(某人或事的)一举一动 11．early on在初期；早先
12．provide sb.with sth.为某人提供某物；提供某人某物 13．catch fire着火
14．in this sense ( in...sense)从这种(某种)意义上来讲 15．as to关于，至于 16．benefit from从……受益 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Your lights will come on the_instant you enter the door along with your favourite music or TV programmes, and you will find your dinner already prepared for you.
你一进家门，灯就会亮起，还有你最喜欢的音乐或电视节目(会自动播放)，而且你会发现晚餐已为你准备好了。
2．Nevertheless, it will take some years before most new homes begin to use this new technology.
然而，大多数新的家庭需要几年才能开始使用这项新技术。
3．For example, the smart home could control the air conditioning and lights so_that you would no longer have to turn switches on and off, making your home more energy-efficient.
例如，智能家居可以控制空调和灯光，这样你就不必打开和关闭开关，使你的家更节能。
1 persuade vt.劝说；说服
典型例句
I finally persuaded her into going out for a drink with me.
我最终说服她跟我出去喝一杯。
The hunter persuaded us not to walk/out of walking through the thick forest alone. 猎人说服我们不要独自穿越茂密的丛林。
思维拓展
into out of doing sth.说服某人sb.＋
not to do sth.不做某事
persuade
of sth.sb.＋使某人相信……that...
I've persuaded him to stop smoking by advising him many times. 通过多次劝告，我说服他戒了烟。
巧学助记
advise(劝说)不一定 persuade(说服)。“劝而不服”应为try to persuade to do，相当于advise sb.to do。
记忆联想
fool/cheat sb.into/out of doing sth.欺骗某人做/不做某事 即时训练
①He is sure to come.I have_persuaded_him_to_join_in/have_ persuaded_him_into_joining_in(已经说服了他加入)our conversation.
②Finally, I persuaded_him_not_to_transport/persuaded_him_out_ of_transporting(说服了他不要运输) these goods by ship.
③The director tried_to_persuade_her_to_play_a_part/tried_to_
persuade_her_into_playing_a_part(极力劝说她扮演一个角色) in his new film, but she rejected.
2.switch vt.转换；交换 vt.& vi.使改变；转变 n.开关；转换器；改变 典型例句
(1)n.[C]开关；转换
Which switch do I press to turn it off? 我按哪个开关就能把它关了？
She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born. 第一个孩子出生后她就从全职改为兼职了。 (2)vt.& vi.(使)转换
I parked the car and switched off the engine. 我停好车并关掉了发动机。 How do you switch this thing on? 这东西你怎么打开？ Could you switch the TV over? 请你换个电视频道好吗？ 思维拓展
a switch in在……方面的转变
make a switch做出改变
switch ...from... to...(把……)由……转变为 switch on/off打开/关上(电器等) switch over to转变；换频道
易混辨析
同是“开”“关”，动词各异：
①开/关(门、窗、盒子等) open the door/window/box
close/shut the door/window/box ②开/关(收音机、电灯，电视等) switch on the radio/light/TV switch off the radio/light/TV
③开/关(收音机、电灯、水、煤气等) turn on the radio/light/ water/gas turn off the radio/light/water/gas
即时训练
①Then I get up, go downstairs and switch on the TV in the living room.
②Switch to CCTV-2, please.
③She made_a_switch(做出改变) in our plan to go swimming when it started to rain. ④We switched_the_meeting_from_Tuesday_to_Thursday(把会议由周二改到周四)．
3 distant adj.遥远的；远处的；疏远的；心不在焉的 典型例句
The sun is distant from the earth.
太阳距地球很遥远。
This beautiful girl comes from a distant country. 这个美丽的女孩来自一个遥远的国家。 思维拓展
be distant from 距离远；不相似
distance n. [C，U]距离
in the distance/into the distance在远处 from a distance从远处
walking distance步行可达的距离
keep sb. at a distance对……冷淡；同……疏远；与……保持一定距离 即时训练
①We saw lights in the distance.
②The time we spent together is now a distant(distance)memory.
4 remote adj.遥远的，偏僻的
典型例句
What will mankind be like in the remote future?
在遥远的未来人类会变成什么样子？ His idea is remote from reality. 他的想法偏离现实。 He came from a remote village.
他来自一个偏僻的村落。
思维拓展
in the remote past/future在遥远的过去/将来
remote control遥控；遥控器 remote-controlled adj.可遥控的
a remote possibility/chance微乎其微的可能/机会 remotely adv.遥远地；偏僻地；冷淡地，极小地 remoteness n．远离，遥远
即时训练
As he works in a remote(remotely) area, he visits his parents only occasionally.
5 routine n.常规；正常顺序 adj.常规的；日常的 典型例句
(1)n.常规；日常事务
We clean and repair the machines as a matter of routine. 我们定期清洗和修理机器。 (2)adj.通常的；例行的
A major electrical fault was found during a routine safety inspection. 在一次例行的安全检查中(检查人员)发现了重大的电路故障。 思维拓展
routine tests常规检查
a routine job/life平淡乏味的工作/生活 break up a dull routine打破沉闷的常规 routinely adv.常规地，例行地
Visitors are routinely checked as they enter the building. 来访者在进入大楼时都要接受例行检查。
即时训练
She prefers everything in order.She does not like having her routine(routinely) work interrupted.
6 preference n.[U]喜爱，偏爱；[C]偏爱的事物
典型例句
She chose to learn the violin in preference to the piano.
她愿意学小提琴而不是钢琴。 She has a preference for blue. 她偏爱蓝色。 思维拓展
in preference to 优先于……have a preference for sth.偏爱某物
giveapreference to给……以优惠prefer vt.更喜欢，宁愿
prefer to do sth.更喜欢做某事
prefer to do A rather than do B宁愿做A而不愿做B
preferdoingA todoingB喜欢做A胜过喜欢做B
即时训练
Each of us is likely to develop a personal preference for certain types of entertainment. 7.instant n.瞬间；片刻 adj.立即的；速食的；速溶的 典型例句
(1)n.[C](一般用单数)瞬间；片刻；某一时刻
Just for an instant I thought he would not accept our invitation. 我脑中有一闪念，以为他要拒绝我们的邀请。
You become a winner in an instant when you believe you can win. 当你在某一刻相信你能赢的时候，你就成了赢者。 (2)adj.紧迫的；立即的；立刻的；直接的；速溶的；即食的 The telegram asked for an instant reply. 这封电报要求立即回复。
He often eats out at an instant Chinese restaurant. 他经常在一家中式快餐馆吃饭。 思维拓展
(1)in an instant(＝immediately) 立刻
the instant (that) (＝as soon as)一……就…… (2)“一……就……”的其他表达方式： the moment/minute/second＋从句 instantly/immediately/directly＋从句 on/upon＋n./v.-ing
I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her. 我一看见她就把她认出来了。 即时训练
①I'll be back in an instant.
②I recognized her the instant (that) I saw her. ③Her voice is instantly(instant)recognizable.
8.secure adj.空全的；安心的；可靠的；牢固的 vt.获得；拴牢；保护 典型例句
(1)adj.安全的；安心的；可靠的
At last they were able to feel secure about the future. 他们终于觉得不必为将来而担忧了。 (2)vt.获得；拴牢；保护
The team managed to secure a place in the finals. 球队拼得了决赛的一席之地。 思维拓展
a secure job/income 稳定的工作/收入
secure a contract/deal 订立合同；达成协议 security n．保护措施；安全工作；保卫部门 national security 国家安全 airport security 机场的安全措施
the security forces/services 安全部队/机构 financial security 财务担保
即时训练
①The windows were_secured(secure) with locks and bars.
②Make sure the ropes are securely(secure) fastened. ③They carried out security(secure) checks at the airport.
9 integrate vi.& vt.使合并；成为一体
典型例句
These programs will integrate with your existing software.
这些程序会和你原有的软件整合起来。 思维拓展
integrate into/with和……合成一体
integrate A and B ＝integrate A into/with B把A和B整合起来；把A和B合成一体 integrate sb.into/with sth.把某人融入 integrated adj.各部分密切协调的；综合的 integration n．结合；整合；一体化；融合
即时训练
①They have not made any effort to integrate with/into the local community.
②His music is an integration(integrate) of tradition and new technology.
10 command n.指令；命令；控制 vt.命令；控制 典型例句
The army is under the king's direct command.
军队由国王直接统率。
He's studied in the US and has a good command of English. 他在美国留过学，精通英语。
The manager commanded that he (should) leave at once. 经理命令他立刻离开。 思维拓展
at one's command 听某人吩咐
have a good command of 精通 in command (of sb.) 指挥；控制 take command of 控制某事
under one's command 在某人的指挥下 command sb.to do sth.命令某人做某事
特别提示
(1)command作名词表示“掌握”且前面有修饰语时，常加不定冠词。
(2)command作“命令”讲且后接主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”形式，should可以省略。 即时训练
①He commanded his men to_retreat(retreat)．
②The commission commanded that work on the building (should)cease(cease)．
11 obey vi.& vt.服从，顺从
典型例句
They refused to obey (the order)．
他们拒绝服从(这项命令)。
He always obeys his parents though they may be wrong sometimes. 他对父母一向顺从，即使有时他们也许错了。 思维拓展
obedience n．顺从
obedient adj.顺从的 disobey v．不服从 disobedience n．不服从 disobedient adj.不服从的
即时训练
All individuals are required to obey(obedience) the laws made by their government. 12.potential n.潜在性；可能性；潜能adj.可能的；潜在的 典型例句
She has acting potential，but she needs to be trained.
她有表演潜力，但需要训练。
He has the potential to become a world-class musician. 他有潜力成为世界级音乐家。 思维拓展
potentially adv.潜在地
The bridge is potentially dangerous. 这座桥有潜在的危险。
即时训练
All children should be encouraged to develop their full potential(potentially)．
13 relevant adj.相关的，切题的 典型例句
These facts are relevant to the case.
这些事实和此案有关。
Do you have the relevant experience? 你有相关经验吗？
思维拓展
be relevant to与……有关
be related to与……有关 be concerned with与……有关 be involved in与……有关 be associated with与……有关 relevance n．关联，贴切，中肯 relevantly adv.有关地；切题地 irrelevant adj.无关的；不切题的 be irrelevant to sth./sb.与某物/人不相关 即时训练
He is relevant to this case.
14 available adj.可获得的；可购得的；人有空的 典型例句
(1)可得到的；可利用的
I'm sorry, those overcoats are not available in your colour and size. 对不起，这种外套没有你要的颜色和尺码。
Attention, please.These tickets are available on the day of issue only. 请注意，这种票仅在发售当天有效。 (2)可接受探访的；可接见客人的 Is the manager available? 经理在不在？
The lawyer is not available now. 律师现在没空。
即时训练
Tickets_are_available_free_of_charge(有免费票)from the school.
15 combine vt. & vi. 使联合；使结合 典型例句
They combined their efforts to finish the work.
他们联合彼此的力量完成了工作。 They combined against a common enemy. 他们联手对付共同的敌人。
思维拓展
combine A with B (＝combine A and B together) 把A与B结合 易混辨析
combine, connect, join combine connect join “结合；联合”，指为了一个目的而把两个以上的事物联系在一起。 事物(东西)不紧密地连接，也可用于抽象的联系(如姻亲关系)，后接 with/to。 指直接连接两物或两地，也可指两物紧密地连接，后接 to，不接 with。 We should combine work with pleasure. 我们应该劳逸结合。 I cannot connect to the Internet. 我无法连接因特网。 Where do the two streams join? 这两条小溪会在哪里交汇？
考点集训一
单句语法填空
1．While shopping, people sometimes can't help being_persuaded(persuade ) into buying something they don't really need.
2．What he said has no direct relevance to the matter in hand. 3．We will switch over to a new technique next year. 4．We had to make a switch in our arrangements.
5．She had a good command of both written and spoken English. 6．You must switch off the light before you leave the classroom. 7．The pain disappeared in an instant.
1 as to 关于；至于
典型例句
I enjoy swimming.But as to my sister, she enjoys playing tennis.
我喜欢游泳。但至于我妹妹，她喜欢打网球。
思维拓展
as to 相当于 as for，一般用于句首或分句句首，引出短语作状语，暗含转折意味。
You think this is rather cheap, but as for me, it is expensive. 你认为这相当便宜，但是对我来说这很昂贵。
即时训练
As to your ability to overfulfill the target，I never had the slightest doubt.
2 catch fire 着火
典型例句
There is a thick covering of leaves in the forest, which are very easy to catch fire.
森林中有厚厚的一层树叶，它们是非常容易着火的。
思维拓展
catch fire 强调的是动作，不可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
on fire 强调的是状态，可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 即时训练
①The papers in the waste paper basket caught_fire(着火).
②The house has been on_fire(着火) for an hour.
3 in this sense 从这种意义上来讲
典型例句
In this sense, children and adults have equal rights.
从这个意义上说，儿童和大人享有同样的权利。
思维拓展
a strong sense of purpose/identity/duty 明确的目标/很强的个性意识/很强的责任感
in a sense (＝ in one way) 从某种意义上说 in no sense 绝不 (放在句首，句子用部分倒装) make sense有道理；有意义；讲得通 make sense of sth.理解；弄懂(不易理解的事物) make no sense 无意义；讲不通；无道理 There's no sense in doing sth.做某事无意义 即时训练
①In this sense, personality is the very soul of art.
②This sentence doesn't_make_sense(讲不通).
考点集训二
1．As to his mother, I know nothing about her. 2．In this sense, education and health are a sisterhood. 3.Some of the houses nearest the bridge were on fire.
1.Your lights will come on the instant you enter the door along with your favourite music or TV programmes， and you will find your dinner already prepared for you.
你一进家门，灯就会亮起，还有你最喜欢的音乐或电视节目会自动播放，而且你会发现晚餐已为你准备好了。 句式分析
句中的 the instant (that)起连词作用，表示时间，意思是“一……就……”，that常省略。 I recognised her the instant(＝as soon as) I saw her. 我一眼就认出她了。
思维拓展
“一……就……”的表达方式：
once
immediately/directly/instantly
the moment/the second/the instant/the minute
scarcely/hardly...when...主句常用过去完成时，从句常
用一般过去时
no sooner...than...主句常用过去完成时，从句常用一般 过去时on/upon doing
The moment I got your message, I left for your home. 我一收到你的信息就去你家了。
We had hardly sat down at the table when he came in. 我们刚在桌旁落座，他就进来了。
即时训练
①The moment we get the money，we'll send the ticket.
我们一收到钱就会把票寄出。
as soon as
②The instant he finished transferring the payment，he started having second thoughts. 完成转账付款那一刻，他就开始有了不同的想法。 ③No sooner had he got home than it began to rain.
2.Nevertheless， it will take some years before most new homes begin to use this new technology.
然而，大多数新的家庭需要几年才能开始使用这项新技术。 句式分析
本句中before 引导时间状语从句。before 引导时间状语从句时可以根据语境译作“过了……(时间)才……”“还没来得及……就……”和“在……之前”。
They walked about 30 miles before they saw a village. 他们走了大约30英里才看到一个村庄。 思维拓展
before 常用句型：
(1)“It was＋时间段＋before...”意为“过了多久才……”，从句常用一般过去时。 (2)“It was not long before...”意为“不久就……”，从句常用一般过去时。 (3)“It will not be long before...”意为“不久就会……”，从句常用一般现在时。 (4)“It will be＋时间段＋before...”意为“要过多久才……”，从句常用一般现在时。 It was three days before he came back. 过了三天他才回来。
It was not long before he got a rise. 没多久他就升了职。
It won't be long before he returns from abroad. 不久他就会从国外回来。
It will be two years before my sister graduates from university. 我姐姐要过两年才大学毕业。
即时训练
It will be two days before we go for a picnic.
3 (For example， the smart home could control the air conditioning and lights so that you would no longer have to turn switches on and off， making your home more energy-efficient.
例如，智能家居可以控制空调和灯光，这样你就不必再打开和关闭开关，使你的家更加节能。 句式分析
(1)本句中so that引导结果状语从句，意为“结果，所以”。so that还可以引导目的状语从句，意为“为了，以便于”。
He sat at the corner so that he survived the accident. 他坐在角落里，所以在事故中逃过一劫。(结果)
They take part in the Olympic Games so that they can win glory for their homeland. 他们参加奥运会为的就是给祖国赢得荣誉。(目的)
(2)本句中making your home more energy-efficient是现在分词短语作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。
思维拓展
so that引导结果状语从句：从句时态表明动作已经发生。so that引导目的状语从句：从句中常有will，would；can，could；may, might等情态动词，表明动作尚未发生。 易混辨析
现在分词/不定式作结果状语
非谓语 现在 分词 区别 现在分词作结果状语，常表自然而然的、意料之中的结果。 不定式作结果状语，常表相反或出乎不定式 不料”之意。其前常加only表强调。 例句 Trees were blown down，blocking roads. 树被刮倒，堵塞了道路。 I rushed to the school，only to find it 发现是星期天。 意料的结果，含有“没想到，结果却，was Sunday.我急忙朝学校跑去，结果即时训练 ①Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend so_that(以便于)they get sweet enough to be eaten.
②Cathy had quit her job when her son was born so as to stay home and raise her family. →Cathy had quit her job when her son was born so_that_she_could stay home and raise her family.
③His father got lost at sea，leaving(leave) him sad.
④Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to_find(find) his plane high up in the sky.
考点集训三
1．It was not long before she replied to my letter. 2．They got up early so that they could catch the early bus.
3．He comes home late every night, making(make) his wife very angry. 4．I bolted the door the instant I saw the bat.
5．Fortunately somebody who happened to be passing by called the fire department instantly(instant) the fire broke out.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．She took an instant(立刻的)dislike to me.
2．If you press a button or switch(开关), you will make the machine work. 3．I tried to persuade(劝说) her to see a doctor.
4．There was a distant(心不在焉的) look in her eyes; her mind was obviously on something else.
5．They sell a wide range of domestic appliances(电器)—washing machines, dishwashers and so on.
6．Breathing is an automatic(自动的) function of the body.
7．I work very efficiently(效率高) and am accurate in my judgement. 8．Make exercise a part of your daily routine(常规)． 9．They thought his behaviour was abnormal(反常的)． 10. Fashion is constantly (不断地)changing. Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．I finally managed to persuade her to_go(go)out for a walk with me. 2．Once more people are wired, the potential to_change(change) the mainstream media will be huge.
3．She secured the rope firmly to the back of the car. 4．He didn't integrate successfully into/with the Italian way of life. 5．The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mother's Day. 6．It may be many years before the situation improves. 7．I can't say that I have any particular preference(prefer)． 8．We should constantly(constant) urge ourselves on to study hard. 9．In a sense, both were right. 10．Many problems, however, escape detection(detect)．
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
将来进行时
考点一 将来进行时的意义和构成
意义：“将来某一时间正在进行的动作、预料要发生的或即将发生的动作。” 构成：将来进行时的形式 陈述式
I/We will/shall (not) be doing You/They will (not) be doing He/She/It will(not) be doing 一般疑问式
Will/Shall I/we(not) be doing Will you/they (not)be doing Will he/she/it (not)be doing 考点二 将来进行时的用法
1．表示将来某时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。常与soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等表示将来的时间状语连用。
I will be having an English class at 8 tomorrow. 我明天八点钟正在上英语课。
Mary will be working in the factory in the next two months. 下两个月玛丽将在这个厂里工作。
2．在口语中常用来表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作。 This time tomorrow I shall be flying to New York. 明天这个时候我将飞往纽约。
At 7：00 this evening I will be watching the news programmes on TV. 今晚七点，我将正在收看电视上的新闻节目。
3．表示预料不久要发生或势必要发生的事情或将来的某种可能性，说话人往往有“我料想”或“我估计”的含义。
We believe that peasants' life will be getting better and better. 我们相信农民的生活会越来越好。
If we don't do so, we shall be making a serious mistake. 如果我们不那样做，我们就会犯严重的错误。 4．表示亲切或委婉的语气。 When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面？
考点三 将来进行时应注意的情况
1．在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。如：
Be careful when you are crossing the street. 过马路时要当心。
2．将来进行时有时也用来委婉地提出请求或者表达其他含义。 A: Will you be passing the post office? 你将会经过邮局吗？ B: Probably.Why? 可能吧。怎么了？ A: I need some stamps. 我需要些邮票。
B：OK.I'll get some for you. 好吧，我给你买回来。
3．将来进行时有时只单纯表示将来或按计划进行的事，而一般将来时则具有其他的意味。
I'll be working on this tomorrow.
明天我将做这件事。(表示将来，意思是按计划进行) I will work on this tomorrow.
明天我要做这件事。(表示意愿，也可能表示许诺) Will you be joining us for dinner?
你会和我们一起吃饭吗？(表示将来，询问计划) Will you join us for dinner?
你来和我们一起吃饭好吗？(发出邀请)
单句语法填空
1．I will/shall_be_sleeping(sleep) at 12：00 pm tomorrow.
2．This time next week we will/shall_be_working(work) in that factory. 3．When will/shall_you_be_seeing(see) Mr White?
4．The students will_be_watching(watch)TV at seven this evening. 5．This time tomorrow they will_be_sitting(sit) in the cinema.
Section Ⅲ Using Language
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．artificial adj.人工的；人造的；假的
2．clone vt.克隆；以无性繁殖技术复制 n．克隆动物(或植物)
3．predict vt.预测；预言；预料→prediction n．预测；预言→predictable adj.可预见的；可预料的；意料之中的；老套乏味的
4．forecast vt.& n．预测；预报→forecaster n．预测者；(尤指)天气预报员，气象预报员 5．occupation n．职业；占领→occupy vt.侵占，占据
6．oppose vt.反对；抵制；阻挠→opposed adj.强烈反对；截然不同的 7．hence adv.因此；由此 8．cease vi.& vt.(使)停止；终止 9．deceased adj.已死的；亡故的
10．absence n．不存在；缺乏；缺席→absent adj.缺席的，不在场的 11．rural adj.乡村的；农村的→urban adj.城市的；都市的
12．advocate vt.提倡；支持；拥护 n．提倡者；支持者；拥护者→advocation n．拥护，支持
13．emphasis n．强调；重视；重要性 14．luxury n．奢华 15．career n．职业；事业
16．prospect n．可能性；前景→prospective adj.有望的；可能的；预期的；潜在的；即将发生的；即将来临的
17．resist vi.& vt.抵制；反抗；抵挡→resistance n．抵制；反对；抗拒→resistant adj.有抵抗力的
18．paragraph n．段；段落 19．signpost n．路标 20．essay n．文章
21．accurate adj.精确的；准确的→accuracy n．准确(性)；精确(程度) 22．librarian n．图书管理员；图书馆馆长→library n．图书馆 23．Christian n．基督教徒 adj.基督教的 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．in particular 尤其，特别 2．artificial intelligence人工智能
3．on the one hand... on the other hand 一方面……，另一方面…… 4．provide sb.with sth.提供某人某物 5．rather than 而不是
6．keep in touch ( with...)(与……)保持联系；了解(某课题或领域的情况) 7．even if即使，尽管 8．the Amish 阿曼门诺派 9．place emphasis on 把重点放在 10．cut down削减 11．in place of代替
12．be made from由……制成 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Probably the most well known are the Amish, a group of Christians living in rural America. 最著名的可能是阿米什人，一群生活在美国农村的基督教徒。
2．Moreover, the Internet has made_it_possible for friends and family to_keep in touch easily even_if they are on opposite sides of the world.
此外，互联网使朋友和家人即使在世界的另一边也能很容易地保持联系成为可能。 3．Of course, when new technology changes the_way_we_live,_it can be a scary prospect. 当然，当新技术改变我们的生活方式时，这可能是一个可怕的前景。 4．I couldn't agree more. 我完全同意。
5．As you can imagine，the skies over the city get pretty busy! 正如你可以想象的，城市的天空变得非常繁忙！
1 predict vt.预言，预测；预料
典型例句
Newspapers predicted that Davis would be re－elected.
报纸预言戴维斯将会再次当选。
It is difficult to predict what the long-term effects of the accident will be. 很难预测事故的长期影响是什么。 思维拓展
(1)prediction n. 预言；预测；预示
predictable adj. 可预言的；可预测的；可预示的 predictor n. 测位器；预言家
(2)前缀pre-表示“在……之前，预先”。 precaution n．预防；预防措施 prepay v．预付
preview n．& vt. 预习；预演 preread vt.预读
即时训练
Experts are predicting(prediction) that unemployment in this country will fall slowly next year.
2 forecast n. & vt. 预测；预报
典型例句
The forecast said there would be sunny intervals and showers.
预报间晴，有阵雨。
Temperatures were forecast to reach 40℃.
预报气温将达40 ℃。
即时训练
It is hard to_forecast(forecast)．You'd better pray the God to bless you.
3 occupation n.职业；占领 典型例句
(1)[C] 工作；职业
Please state your name, age and occupation below. 请在下面写明姓名、年龄和职业。 (2)[C]消遣；业余活动
Her main occupation seems to be shopping. 逛商店购物似乎是她的主要消遣。 (3)[U]侵占；占领；占领期
The areas under occupation contained major industrial areas. 被占领地区拥有主要的工业区。
(4)[U] (formal) (土地、房屋、建筑等的)使用，居住，占用 The offices will be ready for occupation in June. 办公室将于六月交付使用。 思维拓展
occupy vt. 占据；占有；占领
occupy oneself with sth./in doing sth.忙于 occupied adj.使用中；忙碌的
be occupied with sth./in doing sth.忙于；全神贯注于；从事
即时训练
Lisa is_occupied(occupy) with her enterprise day in and day out and therefore, she has been praised.
4 oppose vt.反对；抵制；阻挠 典型例句
My mother opposed the new plan.
我妈妈反对这个新计划。
I oppose/am opposed to drunk driving. 我反对酒后驾车。 思维拓展
oppose sth./doing sth./sb.'s doing sth.反对某人做某事强调动作
oppose sth.to/against sth.使……与……对立/对抗
opposite adj.对面的，另一边的；相反的，对立的 opposed adj.反对的，对立的 be opposed to sth.反对某事 误区警示
(1)oppose后若接动词，则用其动名词形式，而不用动词不定式；
(2)be opposed to表示“反对”时相当于be against；表示“与……相对”时相当于be opposite to；
(3)表示支持的词(组)：favour，in favour of，be for，agree with，support；表示反对的词(组)：disagree with，be against，oppose。
即时训练
Many citizens were opposed(oppose) to cutting down the 100-year-old tree.
5 cease vi.& vt.使停止；终止
典型例句
Welfare payments cease as soon as an individual starts a job.
一旦就业，即停发福利救济。 思维拓展
cease to do sth.停下来去做
cease (doing) sth.停止(做)某事
wonders will never cease(表示惊喜)真是无奇不有，怪事何其多 cessation n．停止；终止；中断；暂停 cessation of business暂停营业
即时训练
The company ceased trading(trade) in June.
6 absence n.不存在；缺乏；缺席
典型例句
What was the real reason for your absence?
你缺席的真正原因是什么？
Please look after my house during my absence. 我不在时，请帮我照看房子。 思维拓展
absence from classes缺课
in one's absence在某人不在的时候 absence of mind心不在焉 in the absence of...不在时 absent adj.缺席的；不在的 be absent from缺席；缺少；不存在 absently adv.心不在焉地
即时训练
He has been absent(absence) from office for three weeks.We'd better find another person to take his place.
7.advocate vt.提倡；支持；拥护 n.提倡者，支持者；拥护者 典型例句
(1)vt.拥护，支持，提倡，主张
I don't advocate building a factory around our school. 我不支持在我们学校周边建立工厂。 (2)n.[C]拥护者，提倡者
He is an advocate for/of hospital workers. 他是医院工作人员的支持者。 思维拓展
advocate(doing)sth.提倡(做)某事
advocate＋that-clause提倡/主张……(从句谓语用should do，should可省略) an advocate for/of ……的支持者/拥护者
即时训练
Many experts advocate praising(praise) the children for their good behaviour.
8 resist vi.& vt.抵制；反抗；抵挡
典型例句
I couldn't resist having a look at her diary.
我忍不住看了一眼她的日记。
思维拓展
(1)be hard/impossible to resist 难以拒绝
resist sb./sth.抵抗/抵制某人/某物
can't/couldn't resist doing sth.禁不住干某事 resist doing sth.抑制干某事 (2)resistant adj.抵抗的；有抵抗力的 be resistant to 对……有抵抗力 (3)resistance n．抗拒；反对
I was in their power, and knew it was pointless to resist. 我在他们股掌之中，知道抵抗毫无意义。 There has been a lot of resistance to this new law. 这项新的法规已经遇到很多的抵制。
易混辨析
can't resist doing sth., can't help doing sth., can't help do sth.
can't resist doing...无法抗拒……的诱惑，忍不住干……；can't help doing 情不自禁地做……；can't help do sth.不能帮忙做……
All the students surrounding me crying, I can't help crying. 我周围的学生都在哭，我情不自禁地哭了。 即时训练
The bank strongly resisted cutting(cut)interest rates. 考点集训一
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．What's on following the news and weather forecast(预报)? Do you have a TV guide? 2．The city is dotted with small lakes, natural and artificial(人工的)． 3．He ordered his men to cease(停止)fire.
4．They are determined to resist (抵制)pressure to change the law.
5．The idea of cloning (克隆)extinct life forms still belongs to science fiction.
6．I suppose I was looking for an occupation (职业)which was going to be an adventure. 7．She remained bitterly opposed(反对) to the idea of moving abroad. 8．Hence(因此), we should travel with our parents.
9．The emphasis(重要性) is very much on learning the spoken language. 10．There is no immediate prospect(可能性) of peace. Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．He couldn't resist showing(show) off his new car. 2．You never cease to_amaze(amaze)me!
3．Elderly people are not always resistant(resist)to change. 4．They came to conclusions diametrically opposed to ours.
5．They questioned the accuracy(accurate)of the information in the file.
1 in particular 尤其，特别
典型例句
Drew made some remarks to nobody in particular and said goodbye.
德鲁说了一些不针对任何人的话就告辞了。 Why should he notice her car in particular? 他为什么会特别注意到她的车？
思维拓展
in particular＝particularly 尤其；特别；格外
be particular about/over sth.对……讲究/挑剔 即时训练
①The situation in Ethiopia in particular is worrying.
②Traffic is bad, particularly(particular) in the city centre.
2.on the one hand... on the other hand 一方面……，另一方面……
典型例句
This will certainly bring some new development opportunities for China economy on the one hand, but on the other hand they are also full of challenges especially for the port industries.
这为中国经济的发展带来了新的机遇，但对港口企业来说也必然受到冲击。
思维拓展
(1)on the one hand... on the other hand 一方面……，另一方面……(表示相矛盾的两个方面)
for one thing... for another...首先……，其次……；一则……，二则……
(2)on the one hand中的the可以省略，而on the other hand中的the不能省略。另外，on the other hand可以单独使用。
即时训练
On_the_one_hand,_the test can enhance the examinees' consciousness of health, but on_the_other_hand,_it is more likely that it will result in over-anxiety.
一方面，这个测试会增强测试者的健康意识，但另一方面，它更有可能引起过度焦虑。
3 provide sb.with sth.为某人提供某物
典型例句
The peasants provide us with grain and vegetables.＝The peasants provide grain and vegetables for us.
农民供给我们粮食和蔬菜。 思维拓展
offer sb.sth.
主动给某人提供某物
offer sth.to sb.
supply sth.to sb.
给某人供应某物
supply sb.with sth.
即时训练
Our school library can provide all kinds of good books for the students.
4 rather than 与其；不愿；而不是
典型例句
Rather than going straight on to university, why not get some work experience first?
与其直接上大学，为什么不先取得一点工作经验呢？ Bryson decided to quit rather than accept the new rules. 布赖森决定辞职，而不是接受新的规定。 I think you'd call it a lecture rather than a talk. 我说啊，这是训斥，而不是谈话。 思维拓展
other than 除了
or rather 更确切地说
would do...rather than do...
would rather do...than do...
宁愿做……
而不愿做……prefer to do...rather than do...
方法规律
rather than 作连词用，连接两个并列成分；连接主语时，谓语动词的数与其前面的成分保持一致。
He, rather than you, is on duty today. 是他而不是你今天值日。
即时训练
Rather than ride(ride) on a crowded bus, he always prefers to_ride(ride) a bicycle.
5.keep in touch ( with...)(与……)保持联系；了解(某课题或领域的情况) 典型例句
We're a tight group, so we do keep in touch.
我们关系很铁，所以的确保持着联系。
Remember to keep in touch with him when you go abroad. 你出国时要和他保持联系。 思维拓展
get in touch with与……取得联系
lose touch with与……失去联系
即时训练
I can keep in touch with friends and family by using email.
6 cut down 削减；删节；砍倒
典型例句
The doctor told him to cut down on his drinking.
医生劝他少喝酒。
Cut down on fatty food if you want to lose weight. 如果想减肥的话就得少吃高脂食物。
You should cut down what you wrote in your paper. 你应该把你的论文内容删减一下。
He used to cut down trees but he plants trees now. 他过去砍树，而现在植树。 思维拓展
cut away 切下；砍掉
cut off 中止；切断 cut across 走捷径 cut out 删除；遮挡 cut back 削减；缩减 cut short 缩短；打断 cut in 超车；插嘴 cut up 切碎；抨击
即时训练
①He was cut off from all his friends when he studied abroad.
②You can cut out the unimportant details. ③In order not to be late, she cut across the field. ④Cut up the carrots before you put them into the pot.
考点集训二
1．His statement refers to people in general, not to anyone in particular. 2．Remember to keep in touch with me when you get there. 3．We are here to provide a service for the public. 4．They aim at quality rather than quantity.
5．He cut down on coffee and cigarettes, and ate a balanced diet.
1.Probably the most well known are the Amish， a group of Christians living in rural America. 最著名的可能是阿米什人，一群生活在美国农村的基督教徒。 句式分析
a group of Christians作前面the Amish的同位语；living in rural America是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的名词Christians并与之构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 思维拓展
现在分词和过去分词都可用作定语，它们的区别有两点：
①现在分词表示分词与所修饰的名词或代词之间存在主谓关系，过去分词表示分词与所修饰的名词或代词之间存在动宾关系。
I like books written by Zhang Ailing.
我喜欢张爱玲写的书。(write与books之间为动宾关系) Do you know the woman wearing a pair of glasses?
你认识那个戴眼镜的妇女吗？(the woman与wear之间为主谓关系)
②现在分词意为“令人……的”，表示被修饰的人或物给别人的感受；过去分词意为“……的”，强调被修饰的人自身的感受。
We're surprised at the astonishing news.
这条令人震惊的消息使我们大吃一惊。(表示消息令人震惊) Did you notice the puzzled expression on his face? 你注意到他脸上困惑的表情了吗？(表示他很困惑) 即时训练
A little child learning(learn)to walk often falls.
2.Moreover， the Internet has made it possible for friends and family to keep in touch easily even if they are on opposite sides of the world. 此外，互联网使朋友和家人即使在世界的另一边也能很容易地保持联系成为可能。 句式分析
(1)本句是复合句，主句中使用了句型make＋it ＋ adj./n.＋ for sb.to do，其中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
(2)even if引导了让步状语从句。even if相当于even though，意为“即使；尽管”。even if/though引导的让步状语从句可用现在时代替将来时。
Even if you take a taxi, you will still miss the train. 即使你乘出租车也赶不上这班火车了。
Even if we could afford it, we wouldn't go abroad for our vacation. 即使我们付得起这笔钱，也不出国度假。
思维拓展
“动词＋it＋宾补＋真正的宾语”(即“6123结构”)小结：
①6指常用的动词：think，believe，make，find，consider，feel ②1指形式宾语it
③2指宾补的两种形式：形容词和名词
④3指真正的宾语的三种形式：不定式、动名词、从句 I must make it clear that I'll always support you. 我必须说清楚，我会一直支持你的。
He found it impossible to continue working in Germany. 他发现不可能继续在德国工作了。 Do you consider it any good trying again? 你认为再试一次有用吗？
即时训练
①Some scientists believe that stem cells will make it possible to treat serious diseases.
②Even if invited(invite), I won't go to her birthday party.
3 (Of course， when new technology changes the way we live， it can be a scary prospect.
当然，当新技术改变我们的生活方式时，这可能是一个可怕的前景。 句式分析
本句是一个复合句，when引导时间状语从句；该时间状语从句中the way(方式)后接定语从句we live，引导词that/in which在从句中作方式状语，已经省去。 思维拓展
way(方式，方法)后定语的常见形式：
①of doing sth.
②从句，从句引导词③to do sth.
在从句中作主语时：which/that
在从句中作宾语时：which/that，可省略在从句中作状语时：that/in which，可省略
There are many ways of learning a language. 学习一种语言的方法有很多种。
The way he thought of to get the task done is not practical. 他想出的完成该任务的这一方法不实用。
The way (which/that) you told me last Sunday worked well. 上周日你告诉我的那个方法很管用。
The way (that/in which) you treat your children is not wise. 你对待孩子的方法不明智。
即时训练
I watched the way that her arms and legs moved and the funny movements made me laugh.
I couldn't agree more.4 我完全同意。句式分析
此句是用比较级表示最高级含义，其结构是“表示完全否定意义的词＋比较级”。
I have never seen a better film. 我没看过比这部更好的电影。 思维拓展
比较级表示最高级意义的常用结构：
the other＋名词复数
(1)比较级＋than＋any other＋名词单数
any of the other＋名词复数anything/anyone else
汤姆是他班上最聪明的学生。
all the other＋名词复数
(2)表示否定意义的词＋形容词/副词的比较级(＋than)
Tom is more intelligent than any other student/all the other students in his class. Li Yang studies harder than anyone else in his class. 李洋在班里学习最努力。 Nothing is easier than this. 这是最容易的事。 There is nothing better. 再好不过了。
即时训练
I have never heard a better(good) voice. 5.
As you can imagine，the skies over the city get pretty busy！
正如你可以想象的，城市的天空变得非常繁忙！
句中As引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面的整个句子。as在非限制性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……， 就像……”之意。但通常用于像as we all know, as is known to all, as is said above, as is always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。
As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer. 美国人都知道，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(as在从句中作主语) As you know, he wrote a lot of fairy tales.
你是知道的，他写了许多神话故事。(as在从句中作宾语) He is absorbed in work, as is often the case.
他正在全神贯注地工作，这是常见的情况。(as在从句中作表语) 易混辨析
as/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 关系词 as which 意义 正如 这/那 先行词 整个主句 主句、个别 从句位置 比较灵活 位于先 从句功能 补充说明 补充说明；先行词为整个句式分析
词或短语 行词后 主句时，从句多表示结果 即时训练 Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.
你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
考点集训三
1．As is said above, we must protect our earth.
2．—You couldn't have chosen any better(good) gift for me. —I'm glad you like it so much.
3．Practicing hard makes it possible for him to speak fluent English.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The treatment does not involve the use of any artificial(人工的) drugs. 2．They voted to cease(停止) strike action immediately. 3．Cooler weather is_forecast(预报) for the weekend.
4．Deceased(已死的) patients are taken straight from the medical wing to the morgue. 5．These plants have a tendency to grow in the more rural(乡村的) areas. 6．She has been concentrating on her career(职业)．
7．We provide all types of information, with an emphasis(强调)on legal advice. 8．We did not receive any news during his long absence(缺席)． 9．Most of my friends are Christians(基督徒). 10．The lights of the car lit up a signpost(路标)． Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．They questioned the accuracy(accurate)of the news. 2．AIDS lowers the body's resistance (resist)to infection. 3．Only half of the rooms are occupied (occupy) at the moment. 4．He's fully occupied looking (look) after three small children. 5．He had absented himself from the office for the day. 6．They put emphasis on developing nuclear power.
7．In the absence of such evidence, there is no priori hypothesis to work with. 8．They're totally opposed to the plan.
9．Advances in medical science have made it possible to cure many so-called incurable diseases.
10．These people do not have the equipment or the manpower to cut down the trees.
Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．persuade vt.劝说；说服
persuade
of sth.sb.＋使某人相信……that...
a switch in在……方面的转变 make a switch做出改变
into out of doing sth.说服某人sb.＋
not to do sth.不做某事
fool/cheat sb.into/out of doing sth.欺骗某人做/不做某事
2．switch vt.转换；交换 vt.& vi.(使)改变；转变 n．开关；转换器；改变
switch ...from... to...(把……)由……转变为 switch on/off打开/关上(电器等) switch over to转变；换频道
3．distant adj.遥远的；远处的；疏远的；心不在焉的 be distant from 距离远；不相似 distance n. [C，U]距离
in the distance/ into the distance在远处 from a distance从远处
walking distance步行可达的距离
keep sb. at a distance对……冷淡；同……疏远；与……保持一定距离 4．remote adj.遥远的，偏僻的
in the remote past/future在遥远的过去/将来 remote control遥控；遥控器 remote-controlled adj.可遥控的
a remote possibility/chance微乎其微的可能/机会 remotely adv.遥远地；偏僻地；冷淡地；极小地 remoteness n．远离，遥远
5．routine n．常规；正常顺序 adj.常规的；日常的 routine tests常规检查
a routine job/life平淡乏味的工作/生活 break up a dull routine打破沉闷的常规 routinely adv.常规地，例行地
6．preference n．[U]喜爱，偏爱；[C]偏爱的事物
in preference to 优先于……have a preference for sth.偏爱某物
giveapreference to给……以优惠prefer vt.更喜欢，宁愿
prefer to do sth.更喜欢做某事preferdoingA to
prefer to do A rather than do B宁愿做A而不愿做B
7．instant n．瞬间；片刻 adj.立即的；即食的；速溶的 (1)in an instant(＝immediately) 立刻 the instant (that) (＝as soon as)一……就…… (2)“一……就……”的其他表达方式： the moment/minute/second＋从句 instantly/immediately/directly＋从句 on/upon＋n./v.-ing
doingB喜欢做A胜过喜欢做B
8．secure adj.安全的；安心的；可靠的；牢固的 vt.获得；拴牢；保护 a secure job/income稳定的工作/收入 secure a contract/deal 订立合同；达成协议 security n．保护措施；安全工作；保卫部门 national security 国家安全 airport security 机场的安全措施
the security forces/services 安全部队/机构 financial security 财务担保
9．integrate vi& vt.(使)合并；成为一体 integrate into/with和……合成一体
integrate A and B ＝integrate A into/with B把A和B整合起来；把A和B合成一体 integrate sb.into/with sth.把某人融入 integrated adj.各部分密切协调的；综合的 integration n．结合；整合；一体化；融合
10．command n．指令；命令；控制 vt.命令；控制 at one's command 听某人吩咐 have a good command of 精通 in command (of sb.) 指挥；控制 take command of 控制某事
under one's command 在某人的指挥下 command sb.to do sth.命令某人做某事 11．obey vi.& vt.服从，顺从 obedience n．顺从 obedient adj.顺从的 disobey v．不服从
disobedience n．不服从 disobedient adj. 不服从的
12．potential n．潜在性；可能性；潜能adj.可能的；潜在的 potentially adv.潜在地
13．relevant adj.相关的，切题的 be relevant to与……有关 be related to与……有关 be concerned with与……有关 be involved in与……有关 be associated with与……有关 relevance n．关联，贴切，中肯 relevantly adv.有关地；切题地 irrelevant adj.无关的；不切题的 be irrelevant to sth./sb.与某物/人不相关
14．available adj.可得到的；可购得的；(人)有空的 15．combine vt. & vi. (使)联合；(使)结合
combine A with B＝(combine A and B to gether)把A与B结合 16．predict vt.预言，预测；预料 (1)prediction n. 预言；预测；预示
predictable adj. 可预言的；可预测的；可预示的 predictor n. 测位器；预言家
(2)前缀pre-表示“在……之前，预先”。 precaution n．预防；预防措施 prepay v．预付
preview n．& vt. 预习；预演 preread vt.预读
17．forecast n. & vt. 预测；预报 18．occupation n．职业；占领 occupy vt. 占据；占有；占领
occupy oneself with sth./in doing sth.忙于 occupied adj.使用中；忙碌的
be occupied with sth./in doing sth.忙于；全神贯注于；从事 19．oppose vt.反对；抵制；阻挠
oppose sth./doing sth./sb.'s doing sth.反对某人做某事强调动作
oppose sth.to/against sth.使……与……对立/对抗
opposite adj.对面的，另一边的；相反的，对立的 opposed adj.反对的，对立的 be opposed to sth.反对某事
20．cease vi.& vt.(使)停止；终止 cease to do sth.停下来去做 cease (doing) sth.停止(做)某事
wonders will never cease(表示惊喜)真是无奇不有，怪事何其多 cessation n．停止；终止；中断；暂停 cessation of business暂停营业 21．absence n．不存在；缺乏；缺席 absence from classes缺课
in one's absence在某人不在的时候 absence of mind心不在焉 in the absence of...不在时 absent adj.缺席的；不在的 be absent from缺席；缺少；不存在 absently adv.心不在焉地
22．advocate vt.提倡；支持； 拥护 n．提倡者；支持者；拥护者 advocate(doing)sth.提倡(做)某事
advocate＋that-clause提倡/主张……(从句谓语用should do， should可省略)
an advocate for/of ……的支持者/拥护者 23．resist vi.& vt.抵制；反抗；抵挡 (1)be hard/impossible to resist 难以拒绝 resist sb./sth.抵抗/抵制某人/某物
can't/couldn't resist doing sth.禁不住干某事 resist doing sth.抑制干某事 (2)resistant adj.抵抗的；有抵抗力的 be resistant to 对……有抵抗力 (3)resistance n．抗拒；反对 Ⅱ.重点短语 1．as to 关于；至于
as to 相当于 as for，一般用于句首或分句句首，引出短语作状语，暗含转折意味。 2．catch fire 着火
catch fire 强调的是动作，不可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 on fire 强调的是状态，可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 3．in this sense 从这种意义上来讲
a strong sense of purpose/identity/duty 明确的目标/很强的个性意识/很强的责任感 in a sense (＝ in one way) 从某种意义上说 in no sense 绝不 (放在句首，句子用部分倒装) make sense有道理；有意义；讲得通 make sense of sth.理解；弄懂(不易理解的事物)
make no sense 无意义；讲不通；无道理 There's no sense in doing sth.做某事无意义 4. in particular 尤其，特别
in particular＝particularly 尤其；特别；格外 be particular about/over sth.对……讲究/挑剔
5．on the one hand...on the other hand 一方面……，另一方面……
(1)on the one hand...on the other hand一方面……，另一方面……(表示相矛盾的两个方面) for one thing... for another...首先……，其次……；一则……，二则……
(2)on the one hand中的the可以省略，而on the other hand中的the不能省略。另外，on the other hand可以单独使用。
6．provide sb.with sth.为某人提供某物
offer sb.sth.
主动给某人提供某物
offer sth.to sb.
supply sth.to sb.
给某人供应某物
supply sb.with sth.
7．rather than 与其；不愿；而不是 other than 除了 or rather 更确切地说
would do...rather than do...
would rather do...than do...
宁愿做……
而不愿做……prefer to do...rather than do...
8．keep in touch (with...)(与……)保持联系；了解(某课题或领域的情况) get in touch with与……取得联系 lose touch with与……失去联系 9．cut down 削减；删节；砍倒 cut away 切下；砍掉 cut off 中止；切断 cut across 走捷径 cut out 删除；遮挡 cut back 削减；缩减 cut short 缩短；打断 cut in 超车；插嘴 cut up 切碎；抨击 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Your lights will come on the_instant you enter the door along with your favourite music or TV programmes, and you will find your dinner already prepared for you.
你一进家门，灯就会亮起，还有你最喜欢的音乐或电视节目(会自动播放)，而且你会发现晚餐已为你准备好了。
句中的 the instant (that)起连词作用，表示时间，意思是“一……就……”，that常省略。
“一……就……”的表达方式：
once
immediately/directly/instantly
the moment/the second/the instant/the minute
scarcely/hardly...when...主句常用过去完成时，从句常
用一般过去时
no sooner...than...主句常用过去完成时，从句常用一般 过去时on/upon doing
technology.
as soon as
2．Nevertheless, it will take some years before most new homes begin to use this new 然而，大多数新的家庭需要几年才能开始使用这项新技术。
本句中before 引导时间状语从句。before 引导时间状语从句时可以根据语境译作“过了……(时间)才……”“还没来得及……就……”和“在……之前”。
before 常用句型：
(1)“It was＋时间段＋before...”意为“过了多久才……”，从句常用一般过去时。 (2)“It was not long before...”意为“不久就……”，从句常用一般过去时。 (3)“It will not be long before...”意为“不久就会……”，从句常用一般现在时。 (4)“It will be＋时间段＋before...”意为“要过多久才……”，从句常用一般现在时。 3．For example, the smart home could control the air conditioning and lights so_that you would no longer have to turn switches on and off, making your home more energy-efficient.
例如，智能家居可以控制空调和灯光，这样你就不必再打开和关闭开关，使你的家更加节能。
(1)本句中so that引导结果状语从句，意为“结果，所以”。so that还可以引导目的状语从句，意为“为了，以便于”。
(2)making your home more energy-efficient是现在分词短语作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。
so that引导结果状语从句：从句时态表明动作已经发生。so that引导目的状语从句：从句中常有will，would；can，could；may, might等情态动词，表明动作尚未发生。
4．Probably the most well known are the Amish, a_group_of _Christians_living_in_rural_America. 最著名的可能是阿米什人，一群生活在美国农村的基督教徒。
a group of Christians作前面the Amish的同位语；living in rural America是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的名词Christians并与之构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
现在分词和过去分词都可用作定语，它们的区别有两点：
①现在分词表示分词与所修饰的名词或代词之间存在主谓关系，过去分词表示分词与所修饰的名词或代词之间存在动宾关系。
②现在分词意为“令人……的”，表示被修饰的人或物给别人的感受；过去分词意为“……
的”，强调被修饰的人自身的感受。
5．Moreover, the Internet has_made_it_possible_for_friends_
and_family_to keep in touch easily even_if they are on opposite sides of the world.
此外，互联网使朋友和家人即使在世界的另一边也能很容易地保持联系成为可能。 (1)本句是复合句。主句中使用了句型make＋it ＋ adj./n.＋ for sb.to do，其中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
(2)even if引导了让步状语从句。even if相当于even though，意为“即使；尽管”。even if/though引导的让步状语从句可用现在时代替将来时。
“动词＋it＋宾补＋真正的宾语”(即“6123结构”)小结：
①6指常用的动词：think，believe，make，find，consider，feel ②1指形式宾语it
③2指宾补的两种形式：形容词和名词
④3指真正的宾语的三种形式：不定式、动名词、从句
6．Of course, when new technology changes the_way_we_live,_it can be a scary prospect. 当然，当新技术改变我们的生活方式时，这可能是一个可怕的前景。
本句是一个复合句，when引导时间状语从句；该时间状语从句中the way(方式)后接定语从句we live，引导词that/in which在从句中作方式状语，已经省去。
way(方式，方法)后定语的常见形式： ①of doing sth.
②从句，从句引导词③to do sth.我完全同意。
此句是用比较级表示最高级含义，其结构是“表示完全否定意义的词＋比较级”。 比较级表示最高级意义的常用结构：
在从句中作主语时：which/that
在从句中作宾语时：which/that，可省略在从句中作状语时：that/in which，可省略
7．I couldn't_agree_more.
the other＋名词复数
(1)比较级＋than＋any other＋名词单数
any of the other＋名词复数anything/anyone else
all the other＋名词复数
(2)表示否定意义的词＋形容词/副词的比较级(＋than) 8．As you can imagine，the skies over the city get pretty busy! 正如你可以想象的，城市的天空变得非常繁忙！
句中As引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面的整个句子。as在非限制性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……， 就像……”之意。但通常用于像as we all know, as is known to all, as is said above, as is always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。
写作技巧点拨
关于技术带来的变化的评论文章
互联网已经成为现代人工作和生活中必不可少的通信工具，在人们的生活中起着重要的作用，但也有一些负面影响。请就互联网的利与弊发表你的见解，并阐述你的理由。内容包括：
好处 提供大量的信息，促进人际交流； 网上购物便捷。 损害视力； 弊端 你的 观点 词数： 80左右。 ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 一、构思谋篇 体裁 主题 第一段：引出话题； 结构 第二段：互联网的好处和弊端； 第三段：自己的观点。 二、关键词语 1．play an important part in 2．advantage 3．disadvantage 4．contribute to 5．do harm to 6．be addicted to 7．make full use of 三、连词成句
1．如今互联网已经成为现代人工作和生活中必不可少的通讯工具。
起重要作用 优点 弊端 有助于，促成 对……有害 对……上瘾 充分利用
议论文 互联网的利弊 时态 人称 一般现 在时 第三人称 长时间上网影响工作和休息； 网瘾影响学生的学习。 …… Nowadays，the Internet has become an essential means of communication to modern people. 2．互联网在人们的生活中起着重要的作用并给我们带来很多益处，但也有一些负面影响不容忽略。
The Internet plays an important part in our daily life and brings us many benefits，but its disadvantages should also not be ignored.
3．互联网给我们提供大量的最新信息。
The Internet can provide a great deal of the latest information for us. 4．我们可以给朋友发送电子邮件从而促进人际交流。
We can send e-mails to our friends，contributing to promoting social communication. 5．互联网很容易让身体出问题，损害视力。
The Internet can easily lead to physical problems and do harm to our eyesight. 6．用非限制性定语从句合并句1和2。
Nowadays，the Internet has become an essential means of communication to modern people，which plays an important part in our daily life and brings us many benefits，but its disadvantages should also not be ignored.
7．用not only...but also...合并句3和4。
Not only can the Internet provide a great deal of the latest information for us but also we can send e-mails to our friends，contributing to promoting social communication.
8．用现在分词短语作结果状语升级句5。
The Internet can easily lead to physical problems，doing harm to our eyesight. 四、连句成篇
Nowadays，the Internet has become an essential means of communication to modern people，which plays an important part in our daily life and brings us many benefits，but its disadvantages should also not be ignored.
The Internet brings us many advantages.Firstly，not only can the Internet provide a great deal of the latest information for us but also we can send e-mails to our friends，contributing to promoting social communication.Secondly，the Internet makes shopping online convenient.However，the Internet has many disadvantages.It can easily lead to physical problems，doing harm to our eyesight.Surfing the Internet for a long time may affect our work and rest.
In my view，the most important is that we should learn how to make full use of its advantages while avoiding its disadvantages.
正反对比类议论文是从正反两方面辩证地说明某个观点。此类议论文应注意以下几点： 1．此类文章的结构一般为：引语——正方观点——反方观点——结论。
2．文章要做到要点完整、条理清晰。各段之间层次清楚，以使文章显得有条理。从段落内部的层次上讲，每一段一般又分为三部分：主题句、扩展句和总结句。
3．常用一般现在时。 [亮点句式]
1．开头用语
①We have a discussion about...
②Recently，we had a heated discussion on... ③According to a recent survey... ④When it comes to... 2．论证用语
①Opinions are divided on the question. ②Others have different opinions.
③Some students are for the idea，while others think otherwise. ④On the one hand...On the other hand...
⑤First/Second/Third/What's more/Besides/In addition... 3．表达观点
①But on the other hand，there are also quite a few people who...
②However，there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this case.
③However，some others argue that...
④At present，some people think...while others think... ⑤It has more disadvantages than advantages. 4．结束用语
①To sum up/In a word/In conclusion/In short/Above all/In general/Generally speaking... ②I still hold the view that...
③Therefore，it is easy to draw the conclusion that...
Unit 3 Fascinating Parks
A Unique Theme Park
As soon as our shuttle got close to the theme park by the freeway, everyone came to life and put on cloth sneakers in advance for an outing.Our translator paid for the admission, and we started enjoying the various attractions in the sunlight.
According to the travel brochure, this unique park is famous for its well preserved minority culture.We experienced many deeds of the early settlers, such as swinging across rivers, hunting creatures in the jungle, or taking part in swords fighting tournaments.
This park is also famous for its wooden souvenirs.Whichever we bought in the central shop was made of wood, and wherever we went we could see minority carpenters working.They made wooden tools, wooden cartoon figures, wooden athletic products and so on. They even built a huge wooden engine with a length of 20 metres, which was modeled after a real one.
This theme park is really a fantasy amusement park.No wonder it has become the brand of local tourism.
开启快乐学习之旅
我们的巴士一靠近高速公路旁的主题公园，大家都活跃了起来，并且提前穿上了布鞋，为这次郊游做好准备。翻译付了入场费后，我们就开始在阳光下欣赏各种各样吸引人的东西。
根据旅行手册的介绍，这个独一无二的公园因其得到良好保护的少数民族文化而闻名。我们体验了许多早期定居者所做的事，如荡过河流，在丛林中猎杀动物，或者参加剑术比赛等等。
这个公园还因为它的木制纪念品而闻名。我们在中心商场购买的任何一件物品，都是用木头制作的，无论我们走到哪里，都可以看见少数民族的木匠们在忙碌。他们制作的有木制工具、木制的卡通人物、木制的运动用的产品等等。他们甚至还根据一台真实发动机仿造了一台长度有20米的木制发动机。
这个主题公园真是个充满幻想的娱乐公园，怪不得它成为当地旅游业的一个品牌。模块核心素养导航
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．buffet vt.连续猛击；打来打去 n．自助餐 2．cloth n．(一块)布；织物；布料
3．edge n．边；边缘；边线；刀刃 vt.& vi.(使)徐徐移动；给……加边 4．valley n．谷；山谷；溪谷 5．vast adj.辽阔的；巨大的；庞大的 6．glacier n．冰川 7．reindeer n．驯鹿
8．territory n．领土；版图；领域；地盘 9．ban vt.明令禁止；取缔 n．禁令 10．boundary n．边界；界限；分界线 11．cottage n．小屋；(尤指)村舍；小别墅
12．visible adj.看得见的；可见的→invisible adj.看不见的 13．accompany vt.陪同；陪伴；伴随；(尤指用钢琴)为……伴奏 14．adopt vt.采用；采取；采纳 vt.& vi.领养 15．sour adj.酸的；有酸味的
16．bless vt.祝福→blessing n．幸事；准许
17．prohibition n．禁止；阻止；禁令→prohibit vt.(尤指以法令)禁止；阻止 18．journalist n．新闻记者；新闻工作者→journalism n．新闻业；新闻工作 19．sneeze vi.打喷嚏 n．喷嚏；喷嚏声 20．teapot n．茶壶
21．label vt.用标签标明；贴标签 n．标签；标记
22．cream n．奶油；乳脂；护肤霜 adj.奶油色的；淡黄色的 23．leopard n．豹
24．stretch vi.延伸；延续 vi.& vt.伸展；舒展
25．rewarding adj.值得做的；有益的→reward n．奖励；报酬；悬赏金 v．奖励；奖赏；给以报酬
26．bush n．灌木
27．lung n．肺 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．on...terms按照……条件；根据……的主张 2．if so如果这样；要是那样的话
3．at peace with与……和睦相处；与……和平相处 4．catch one's eye 引起某人的注意 5．wake up to the sound听到声音醒来 6．used to do sth.过去(常常)做某事 7．leave behind留下；把……抛在后面 8．in a．..state在……状态下 9．close by在附近；在近旁 10．feed on以……为食
11．on the move在行进中；在移动中 12．pick up拿起；提起；拾起；捡起 13．set out出发；启程；(怀着目标)开始工作 14．anything like与……相像 15．take steps采取措施 16．be home to是……的家园
17．live off依靠……生活；以吃……为生 18．result_in导致，造成 19．as_well_as也，还
20．fit_into融入；与……相处融洽；归属 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Even_though the sun is brightly shining, telling whether it is morning or night is impossible.
即使阳光明媚，也不可能分辨出是早是晚。
2．Following_the_reindeer_were_the_Sami_people,_who made this territory their home. 跟随着驯鹿步伐的是萨米人，萨米人把这片土地当作他们的家园。
3．It is hoped that Sarek National Park will always remain as_it_is,_natural and beautiful. 人们希望沙瑞克国家公园永远保持原样，自然美丽。
4．This vast new park is nearly four_times_larger_than the old wildlife park protecting Siberian tigers in Northeast China.
这个巨大的新公园几乎是中国东北地区保护西伯利亚虎的老野生动物园的四倍大。
1 buffet
典型例句
(1)n. 自助餐；(火车)饮食柜台；(车站)快餐部
Dinner will be a cold buffet, not a sit-down meal. 主餐是自助冷食，不是坐着等服务员送来的那种。 (2)v.连续猛击；打来打去
Their plane had been severely buffeted by storms. 他们的飞机遭受到风暴的重创。
The nation had been buffeted by a wave of strikes. 罢工浪潮使这个国家受到了重创。 思维拓展
a buffet lunch/supper 自助午餐/晚餐
to be buffeted by the wind 被风吹得左右摇摆
即时训练
Storms swept the country, closing roads, buffeting(buffet) ferries and killing as many as 30 people.
2 edge
典型例句
(1)n.边；边缘；边线；刀刃
He stood on the edge of the cliff. 他站在悬崖边上。
They had brought the country to the edge of disaster. 他们使国家濒临灾难。 Be careful─it has a sharp edge. 小心点——这刀刃很锋利。 (2)vt.& vi.(使)徐徐移动；给……加边 She edged a little closer to me. 她慢慢地向我靠近了一些。 The handkerchief is edged with lace. 这条手绢镶着网眼花边。
思维拓展
be on edge紧张不安；激动；烦躁
on/at the edge of...在……边上
take the edge off sth.减弱；使变钝；挫伤……的锐气 rough edges 瑕疵；美中不足之处
have/gain an edge on/over 比……占优势；胜过 edge sb./sth. out (of sth.)逐渐将……排挤出
即时训练
He edged(edge)closer to the telephone, ready to grab it.
3 vast adj.巨大的；辽阔的
典型例句
A billion dollars is a vast amount of money.
10亿美元是一笔巨款。 It is a vast desert. 那是一片辽阔的沙漠。 易混辨析
vast，huge vast huge “广大的”，侧重于面积的极为开阔，如海洋、沙漠等，也指金额、数额等“巨大的”。 “巨大的”，强调体型、尺寸而非重量。
The huge palace was constructed at vast public expense. 这座庞大的宫殿是用巨额公费建造的。 即时训练
They swam across the vast(vast/huge) sea.
4 ban
典型例句
①vt.禁止，取缔
He was banned from driving because of drinking. 由于喝酒他被禁止开车了。 ②n.[C]禁令(多与介词on连用) There is a ban on parking here. 这里禁止停车。
Smoking was put under a ban here. 这里禁止抽烟。
思维拓展
ban sb.from(doing)sth.禁止某人做某事
impose/introduce a/the ban on禁止…… lift/remove the ban on...解除对……的禁令 a ban on sth.对某事的禁令 place/put...under a ban禁止……
即时训练
He was banned(ban) from attending the meeting for not having the permit.
5 accompany 典型例句
(1)vt. 陪同；伴随，与……同时发生。常用搭配：
accompany sb.to...陪某人到…… be accompanied by...与……同时发生
Mom asked me to accompany her to the supermarket. 妈妈要我陪她去超市。
The strong winds are accompanied by heavy rain.The little boy is helpless in the rain. 狂风夹着暴雨，小男孩儿在雨中很无助。 (2)vt. 为……伴奏。常用搭配： accompany sb.at/on sth.用……为……伴奏 His mother accompanied him on the piano. 他母亲用钢琴为他伴奏。 思维拓展
accompanist n. 伴奏者
companion n. 伙伴，同伴 company n. 陪伴；公司，商号
keep sb.company 陪伴某人，和某人做伴
即时训练
The mayor accompanied(company) Premier Li Keqiang to the small mountain village in great poverty.
6 adopt
典型例句
(1)vt.采用；采纳
The school has adopted a new teaching method. 学校采用了新的教学方法。 (2)vt.& vi.收养
The couple have adopted three children. 那对夫妇收养了三个孩子。 巧学助记
巧记形近词adopt和adapt：
①采用
opt选择→adopt(选取)→
②领养
①使适应
apt适合→adapt(使适合)→
②改编，改写
The young couple had no children of their own，so they adopted an orphan.After a few months，the child came to adapt to his new life.
这对年轻夫妇没有亲生孩子，于是他们领养了一名孤儿。几个月过后，这个孩子渐渐适应了他的新生活。
典型例句
Despite the short stay in this foreign country，he has soon adapted (adapt) himself to the new environment.
7 bless vt.祝福
典型例句
They brought the children to Jesus and he blessed them.
他们把孩子带到耶 稣跟前，耶 稣祝福了他们。 Fortune blessed her with success. 命运之神赐予她成功。
思维拓展
be blessed with sth./sb.赋有(能力等)；享有(幸福等)
bless you保佑你
God bless you(离别时的祝愿语)愿上帝保佑，祝一路平安 blessing n．幸事；准许
a blessing in disguise因祸得福；祸中有福 count your blessings知足
即时训练
①She's blessed with excellent health.
②Lack of traffic is one of the blessings(bless)of country life.
8 prohibit vt.尤指以法令禁止；阻止 典型例句
Fishing is prohibited.
禁止钓鱼。
Soviet citizens were prohibited from travelling abroad. 苏联时代的公民被禁止出国旅游。 思维拓展
prohibit sth.禁止/阻止某事
prohibit sb.from doing sth.禁止/阻止某人做某事
prohibition n．【U】(尤指通过法律的)禁止，阻止；【C】禁令 prohibition against/on sth.某事的禁令
即时训练
The high cost of equipment prohibits many people from taking up this sport.
9 stretch vi.延伸；延续 vi.&vt.伸展；舒展
典型例句
Fields and hills stretched out as far as we could see.
放眼望去，田野山丘绵延不绝。 He stretched and yawned lazily. 他伸了伸懒腰，打了个哈欠。 思维拓展
stretch a rope tight把绳子拉紧
stretch oneself伸懒腰
stretch your legs (informal) (久坐之后)散散步，活动活动腿脚 stretch out＝stretch yourself out躺下(通常为休息或睡觉) 易混辨析
expand，extend，spread，stretch expand extend spread stretch 使(尺寸、数字或数量等)扩大，扩大(活动范围)。 延伸，延长(建筑或道路、时间等)，伸展(手臂、腿等), 扩大(控制、影响力等)。 把(物)铺开、张开，(疾病、感情、问题或火等)蔓延，(消息、思想等)流传，传播， 张开(手臂、双腿等)。 伸展，伸长，指事物长度、宽度中的一端向外伸长或两端一起伸长，一般指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展，不是加长。 即时训练
Make sure that the rope is stretched(stretch)tight.
考点集训一
1．We're blessed with five lovely grandchildren. 2.I edged(edge)nervously past the dog.
3．The lungs(lung) are in fact constructed of thousands of tiny tubes. 4．The air is full of millions of invisible(visible)germs. 5．Visitors are_prohibited(prohibit) from feeding the animals. 6．Teaching is not very financially rewarding(reward) .
1 on...terms按照……条件；根据……的主张
典型例句
A national park is not a playground.It's a sanctuary for nature and for humans who will accept nature on nature's own terms.
国家公园不是游乐场。它是自然的庇护所，也是人类根据自然的条件接受自然的庇护所。 思维拓展
in terms of就……来说；从……角度
come to terms with达成协议；和好；接受；适应 be on good/ bad terms关系良好/不好 in the long/ short term就长远/短期而言 on equal terms在平等的条件下
即时训练
①The country is very poor and it has to come_to_terms_with (达成协议)the neighbouring countries.
②In_terms_of (就……而言)natural resources, it is one of the poorest countries in the world. ③I'll only take the job on_my_own_terms. (按照自己的条件)
2 used to do sth.过去常常做某事[暗指现在不做了] 典型例句
I used to go to the cinema a lot.
我以前常去看电影。
There used to be low and dirty houses. 那里曾有又矮又脏的房舍。
易混辨析
used to do sth., be used to(doing)sth., be used to do sth.
used to do sth. be used to (doing) sth. be used to do sth. 表示“过去常常做某事”，指过去习惯性的动作或经常存在的状态 表示“习惯于(做)某事”，其中to为介词，后接(动)名词。 表示“被用来做某事”，为被动语态。 Mr White used to live in China, so he is used to Chinese dishes. 怀特先生过去住在中国，所以习惯吃中国菜。 Bamboo can be used to build houses. 竹子可用来建造房屋。
即时训练
I used to live(live)in Shanghai，but now I am used to living (live)in Beijing. 3 close by在附近；在近旁
典型例句
I was close by as Mary was stretchered into the ambulance.
玛丽被用担架抬进救护车时我就在旁边。 思维拓展
close to靠近
get close to靠近；接近 be close at hand近在咫尺 close friends亲密的朋友 keep in close touch 保持密切联系
即时训练
Did a new hairdressing shop open close by? 4 feed on以……为食
典型例句
Birds feed on worms and grains.
鸟以虫和谷物为食。
思维拓展
feed sb./ sth.on sth.用……喂养……
feed sth.to sb./sth.给……喂…… feed up厌烦
be fed up with受够了；饱受；厌烦 feed back反应；反馈
live on sth.(人)以……为主食；靠……生活 即时训练
Cattle feed on grass. 5 on the move在行进中；在移动中
典型例句
Jack never wanted to stay in one place for very long, so he was always on the move.
杰克从不想在一个地方待太久，所以他总在奔波辗转。 思维拓展
get a move on赶快
make the first move抢先行动；抢占先机；主动示好 make a move动身；开始行动
make a move on sb.对某人采取行动；(速度竞赛时)设法超越某人 make a/your/...move采取行动；开始行动 即时训练
The troops were on the move again after a short rest.
6 pick up拿起；提起；拾起；捡起；学会；开车接某人；好转 典型例句
The phone stopped ringing the moment I picked up the receiver.
我一拿起听筒电话就不响了。
Mary picked up a lot of Chinese by playing with the local children. 玛丽与当地的孩子玩的时候，学到了很多中文。 思维拓展
pick out辨认出；拣出；挑选出
The equipment picked up the signal from the satellite. 这个设备收到了卫星发出的信号。
I have been picked out to represent the whole team. 我被选出来代表全队。
即时训练
①He picked his cap up from the floor and stuck it back on his head.
②We could almost pick out who were mother and daughter in a crowd just by the similarities as they walked in high heels. 7 set out
典型例句
(1)开始做某事
They succeeded in what they set out to do. 他们实现了既定的目标。 (2)出发；动身
They set out on the last stage of their journey. 他们动身踏上最后一段行程。 (3)安排；摆放；陈列
We need to set out some chairs for the meeting.
我们需要为会议摆放些椅子。 (4)陈述；阐明
He set out his objections to the plan. 他陈述了他对这个计划的反对意见。
思维拓展
set aside将……放在一边；为……节省或保留(钱或时间)；暂时不考虑
set about (doing sth.)着手做某事 set down写下；放下
set off 动身；出发；引起；引爆 set up建立
即时训练
①After supper, Mary set out to_clear(clear) the table.
②Benjamin Franklin set about learning(learn)the printer's trade at an early age. ③I sincerely hope you can set aside some time for the art feast. 8 anything like与……相像
思维拓展
I don't ever want to go through anything like that again.
我不想再经历那样的事了。 思维拓展
nothing like与……一点也不像
anything else还要别的吗；奇招尽出；别的东西 anything but根本不；远非
more like...(提供比以前更准确的数量)差不多，更接近
What is sb. like？(表示某人做了令人讨厌、愚蠢之类的事)某人怎么回事，某人怎么会是这个样子？
most/very like很可能；大概
即时训练
We don't have anything like that, I'm afraid. 9 take steps采取措施
典型例句
She is not content with her present life and wishes to take steps to improve it.
她对自己目前的生活并不满意，希望能采取措施改善它。 思维拓展
take measures 采取措施
take action采取措施
mind/watch your steps走路小心；言行小心谨慎 a/one step at a time一步一步；逐步；按部就班 即时训练
If you tend to overeat because of depression, first take_ steps/measures/action(采取措施) to recognize the source of your sadness. 10 live off依靠……生活；以吃……为生
典型例句
They live off fruit and nuts.
他们以水果和坚果为食。 She is still living off her parents. 她还在靠父母养活。 思维拓展
live off welfare靠救济过活
live a．..life过着……的生活 live by sth.按照(某信念或原则)生活 live by doing sth.以做某事为生 live for为……而活着
live on(人)以……为主食；靠……生活；继续活着，继续存在 live up to达到；不辜负(他人的期望) live with忍受，容忍(令人不快的事) 即时训练
He seems to live off junk food. 11 result in 导致，造成
典型例句
Acting before thinking always results in failure.
做事不先考虑常会导致失败。
The accident resulted in the death of two people. 这场意外事故造成两人死亡。 思维拓展
cause/ bring about/lead to导致，造成
as a result因此，结果 without result徒劳，毫无结果 result from因……产生；起因于 as a result of由于……，作为……的结果
即时训练
These policies resulted in many elderly people suffering hardship. 12 as well as也，还
典型例句
They sell books as well as newspapers.
他们既卖报也卖书。
思维拓展
(1) as well as，“不但……而且……”，连接相同的句子成分。
(2) as well as连接并列主语时，应根据前者确定谓语动词的形式。 (3)当 as well as连接两个动词时，后面的动词要用动词-ing形式。
(4)同为“不仅……而且……”， A as well as B作主语时，强调A，谓语动词与A保持一致； not only A but also B作主语时，强调B，谓语动词就近一致。
They own a house in France as well as a villa in Spain.
他们在法国有一栋房子，在西班牙也有一座别墅。
The organization gives help and support to people in need as well as raising money for local charities.
该机构为有需要的人们提供帮助和支持，还为当地的慈善机构募捐。 He as well as his brothers is coming to see you. 不仅是他的兄弟们，他也要来看你。
Not only he but also his brothers are coming to see you. 不仅是他，他的兄弟们也要来看你。 即时训练
He as well as his parents is(be) fond of music. 13 fit into融入；与……相处融洽；归属 典型例句
The car was too big to fit into our garage.
这部车太大了，我们的车库放不下。 It's hard to see how he would fit into the team. 很难看出他将如何融入这支队伍。
思维拓展
fit in with sb./sth.与……合得来；与……相适应
be fit for胜任；适合；合格 be fit to do适合做 易混辨析
match, suit, fit
match多指大小、色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配。
suit表示衣服的款式或颜色适合某人；还表示需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等适合某人。
fit作动词用时，一般表示衣服的尺寸大小适合某人。 即时训练
You can't expect a baby to fit in with your existing routine. 考点集训二
1．She was in a state of shock . 2．You must be kidding? I am fed up with your poor work habits. 3．Butterflies feed on the flowers of garden plants. 4．It is said that civilization is always on the move. 5．He is beginning to pick up after the operation. 6．We drove to the airport the next morning to pick up Susan. 7．He has written a letter to The Times setting out his views. 8．Have you ever seen anything like it?
9．We are taking steps to_prevent(prevent)pollution. 10．She died ten years ago but her memory lives on.
1 Even though the sun is brightly shinning， telling whether it is morning or night is impossible.
即使阳光明媚，也不可能分辨出是早是晚。 句式分析
这是一个主从复合句。even though引导让步状语从句；主句中telling whether it is morning or night是动名词作主语；whether...or...引导名词性从句，作telling的宾语。
whether...or...还可以引导让步状语从句，意为“无论……还是……；不管……还是……”。 It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether you are travelling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favourite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character.
它将把你带进一个梦幻世界，使你梦想成真，不论你是在太空遨游，游览海盜船，还是见到你最喜爱的童话人物或迪士尼卡通人物。
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 不管你是否相信，那都是真的。
I'll buy some souvenirs, whether they are cheap or expensive. 无论贵贱，我都要买一些纪念品。 I don't know whether he will come or not. 我不知道他是否会来。
即时训练
①Whether you turn left or right doesn't matter.
②I'm going whether you like it or not .
2 Following the reindeer were the Sami people， who made this territory their home.
跟随着驯鹿步伐的是萨米人，萨米人把这片土地当作他们的家园。 句式分析
Following the reindeer were the Sami people是主谓语倒装，主语 the Sami people后置，以便与后面的定语从句更好地衔接，语义上也更连贯。同样的信息用常规的语句表达就成了“ People were following the reindeer.They were the Sami people and they made this territory their home.”，但这会显得句式单调平淡。 思维拓展
使用完全倒装的几种情况：
(1)表示地点的介词短语位于句首，谓语为be，lie，stand，come等不及物动词，且主语是名词时。
(2)地点副词(here, there)、方位副词(up，out，in，down)及时间副词(now，then)等位于句首，谓语为be，go，come等不及物动词，且主语为名词时。
(3)形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，为强调表语或保持句子结构平衡，句子的主谓要完全倒装。
(4)一些表示祝愿的句子里主谓也要完全倒装。 易错提示
主语是代词而不是名词时，句子不倒装。 Among the guests is the person you are looking for. 你找的人在客人中。
Under the tree sits a beautiful girl. 树下坐着一位美丽的姑娘。 There she comes. 她来了。
即时训练
—What's all that noise?
—Just in front of the bus lies(lie) an injured man. 3 It is hoped that Sarek National Park will always remain as it is， natural and beautiful.
人们希望沙瑞克国家公园永远保持原样，自然美丽。 句式分析
as引导方式状语从句，意为“按照……的方式；像；如同”。 They did as I had asked. 他们是按照我的要求做的。 Leave the papers as they are. 别去动那些文件。 思维拓展
连词as引导状语从句：
(1)as引导原因状语从句，意为“因为”。
(2)as引导方式状语从句，意为“按照……的方式；像，如同”。 (3)as引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”，从句须倒装。
(4)as引导时间状语从句，意为“一边……一边……；随着”，强调主从句动作同时发生。 (5)as引导比较状语从句，常用于as...as...和 not so/as...as...结构中。 As I had a cold, I was absent from school. 因为我感冒了，所以没去上课。
即时训练
①As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text.
②Hot as the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. ③ The mountains and rivers remain as they were before.
4 This vast new park is nearly four times larger than the old wildlife park protecting Siberian tigers in Northeast China.
这个巨大的新公园几乎是中国东北地区保护西伯利亚虎的老野生动物园的四倍大。 句式分析
four times larger than是倍数表达的一种具体形式。常见的倍数表达形式有： (1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词＋as。 This tree is three times as tall as that one. 这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。
(2)倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than。
This river is almost twice longer than that one. 这条河差不多比那条河长一倍。
(3)倍数＋the size/height/length/width/depth ＋ of。
The newly broadened square is four times the size of the pervious one. 新扩建的广场是以前的四倍大。 (4) 倍数＋that ＋ of。
The newly broadened square is four times that of the pervious one. 新扩建的广场是以前的四倍大。 (5)倍数＋what从句。
The production now is three times what it was ten years ago. 现在的产量是十年前的三倍。
即时训练
The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big as the present one.
考点集训三
1．Whether or not we're successful, we can be sure that we did our best. 2．As she grew older she gained in confidence.
3．The dictionary is exactly five times more(much) expensive than that one.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Nursing can be a very rewarding(有益的) career.
2．The exercises are designed to stretch(伸展) and tone your leg muscles. 3．He was born with only one lung(肺).
4．The house is clearly visible(看得见的)from the beach.
5．The fence marks the boundary(界限) between my property and hers. 6．Say “bless you” when you hear someone sneezing(打喷嚏)．
7．They have refused to allow UN troops to be stationed in their territory(领土)． 8．I sat down at the water's edge(边缘)．
9．They used to have a cottage (小屋) in N．W.Scotland. 10．We sat in the station buffet(餐饮部) sipping tea. Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．He failed to live up to his parents' expectations. 2．I don't think she'll fit into the organization. 3．You're not in a fit state to drive. 4．You look fed up.What's the matter? 5．Where did you pick up your English? 6．When setting out on a long walk, always wear suitable boots.
7．The directors will take steps (step) to insure against possible failure. 8．He seemed undecided whether to go or stay.
9．For the first time things invisible (visible) before become suddenly visible. 10．What do you think of the prohibition (prohibit)of smoking in public areas.
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
动名词作主语
动名词是非谓语动词的一种，起名词的作用，动名词还保留动词的属性，可以带有自己的宾语、状语等。动名词常在句中作主语。
考点一 动名词作主语
1．动名词作主语时多表示经常性、习惯性的动作，谓语动词用单数形式。 Collecting information about children's health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。 易混辨析
动名词/不定式作主语 动名词 动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性的动作。 不定式作主语既可表示经常性、习惯性不定式 的动作，又可表示具体的、一次性的动作。 2.形式主语it代替动名词作主语。此类句式有： To lie to her is wrong.对她撒谎不对。 Lying is wrong.撒谎不对。 It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间
It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的It's no good/no use/no fun doing sth.做某事没好处/ 没用/没意思
想说服他戒烟完全是浪费时间。
It is worthwhile reading such a wonderful novel. 读这样一本精彩的小说很值得。
It is no use arguing with him about such a matter. 为这种事情和他争论没有用。
It is/feels funny doing sth.做某事感觉很滑稽
It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to give up smoking.
考点二 动名词的复合结构
1．动名词的复合结构作主语。形式通常有两种：
①形容词性物主代词＋动名词 ②名词's＋动名词
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们前来帮忙对我们来说是巨大的鼓舞。 2．动名词的复合结构作宾语。形式有： ①形容词性物主代词＋动名词②名词's＋动名词
③人称代词宾格＋动名词④名词＋动名词
He left the city without our knowing it. 他离开这个城市我们大家都不知道。
单句语法填空
2．It's no use complaining(complain) without talking action. 3．Being_left(leave) in charge of the shopping center has upset him.
1．Knowing(know) basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
4．Tom's being_admitted(admit) into a famous university, as we had expected, made his parents happy.
5．Being_injured(injure) in the leg made it impossible for me to walk as fast as usual. 6．Walking(walk) is a good form of exercise for the young and the old. 7．It's no use looking(look) forward to hearing from her soon. 8．—What do you think made Mary so upset? —Losing(lose) her new bicycle.
Section Ⅲ Using Language
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．cycle n．自行车；摩托车；循环 vi.骑自行车→cyclist n．骑自行车的人 2．corridor n．狭长地带；走廊；过道；通道
3．pedal n．(自行车等的)脚蹬子；踏板 vt.& vi.骑自行车；踩踏板
4．fountain n．喷泉；人工喷泉；喷水池 5．route n．路线；路途；途径 6．ahead adv.向前；在前面；提前
7．theme adj.有特定主题的 n．主题；主题思想 8．incredible adj.极好的；极大的；难以置信的
9．appeal vi.有吸引力；呼吁；上诉；打动 n．吸引力； 呼吁；上诉；请求→appealing adj.有吸引力的；有感染力的
10．pirate n．海盗；盗版者 vt.盗印；窃用
11．adorable adj.可爱的；讨人喜爱的→adore vt.热爱；爱慕；喜爱
12．wander n．游荡；闲逛；流浪 vt.& vi.闲逛；漫游 vi.走失；离散；走神
13．amusement n．娱乐(活动)；愉悦→amuse vt.(提供)消遣；(使)娱乐→amusing adj.好笑的，有乐趣的→amused adj.逗乐的，觉得可笑的
14．enormous adj.巨大的；极大的
15．swing vt.& vi.(使)摆动；摇摆；转弯；(使)突然转向→swung过去式→swung过去分词
16．iron n．铁；铁器；铸铁；熨斗 vt.& vi.(用熨斗)熨；烫平
17．fashion n．时尚；时兴；流行款式→fashionable adj.流行的；时髦的 18．rare adj.稀少的；珍贵的；(肉)半熟的→rarely adv.罕有；很少；不常 19．steam n．蒸汽；水蒸气；蒸汽动力 vi.蒸发；散发蒸汽；冒水汽 20．superb adj.极佳的；卓越的
21．aquarium n．(pl. aquariums or aquaria) 水族馆；水族玻璃槽；养鱼缸 22．polar adj.(近)极地的；南极(或北极)的；磁极的 23．splendid adj.壮丽的；雄伟的；极佳的；非常好的 24．display n．展览；陈列；展览品 vt.显示；陈列 25．appetite n．食欲；胃口；强烈欲望
26．entertainment n．娱乐；招待；娱乐活动；文娱节目→entertain vt.(尤指在自己家中)招待，款待；使有兴趣；使快乐；娱乐→entertaining adj.有趣的，娱乐的，使人愉快的
27．column n．(书、报纸印刷页上的)栏；专栏；柱(形物) 28．Sweden n．瑞典(国家名)→Swede n．瑞典人 Ⅱ.重点短语 1．take turns轮流
2．go straight ahead向前直走 3．theme park主题公园；主题乐园 4．be famous for因为……而出名 5．roller coaster过山车
6．appeal to有吸引力；有感染力； 呼吁；上诉；打动 7．be familiar with熟悉 8．come true实现 9．more than不仅仅
10．put on performances表演节目 11．all year round一年到头；终年
12．up to达到(某数量、程度等)；直到；不多于；(体力或智力上)能胜任 13．upside down颠倒；倒转；翻转 14．the Arctic Circle北极圈 15．work as充当 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing famous sights and sounds.
一些公园以拥有最大或最长的过山车而闻名，另一些公园则以展示著名的风景和声音而闻名。
2．Whichever_and_whatever you like, there is an incredible theme park that will appeal to you!
不管你喜欢哪一个，喜欢什么，总会有一个妙不可言的主题公园吸引你！
1 ahead adv.向前；在前面；提前 典型例句
(1)(时间、空间)向前面，在前面
I'll run ahead and warn them. 我要跑在前头，警告他们。 (2)提前；预先；提早
The party was planned weeks ahead. 聚会提前几个星期就已筹划好了。 (3)占优势；领先
Our team was ahead by six points. 我们队领先六分。 思维拓展
ahead of time/schedule 提前
go ahead 前进；进行；去做吧；着手；开始做
即时训练
The event will go_ahead (进行) as planned in Sheffield next summer. 2 appeal
典型例句
①vi.有感染力/吸引力；呼吁
The film appeals to young people. 这部电影对年轻人很有吸引力。
②vi.上诉
I intend to appeal against this sentence. 我要对这个判决提起上诉。 ③n.[C，U]呼吁，恳求；吸引力
The police made an appeal to the public to remain calm. 警方呼吁公众保持镇静。 思维拓展
appeal to sb.吸引某人
appeal to sb.for sth.为某事呼吁某人
appeal to sb.to do sth.呼吁某人做某事
appeal(to sb./sth.)against sth.(向……)上诉…… make/launch an appeal to sb.for/to do sth. 呼吁某人做某事
巧学助记
An old man who appealed against his son's sentence made an appeal to the public for help，which appealed to many warm-hearted people.
对儿子的判决提出上诉的老人呼吁公众帮帮他们，这吸引了很多热心肠的人。 即时训练
—Did Zhou Libo say anything that appealed to you in Mr Zhou Live Show? —Not really.Actually I slept through his performance. 3 wander vi.& vt.漫游；漫步；漂泊
典型例句
He keeps wandering up and down the street.
他在街上不停地闲逛。
A man was found wandering over the countryside. 人们发现有个人在乡间漫步。
记忆联想
wonder vt. 惊奇；诧异；想知道 n. [C]奇迹；奇观
He was wandering around the pyramid, wondering how on earth the wonder was built. 他在金字塔四周徘徊，想知道这座奇观究竟是怎样建成的。 即时训练
The child was found wandering(wander)the streets alone. 4 amusement
典型例句
(1)n.[C]消遣；娱乐(活动)
There are not many amusements in this city. 这个城市的娱乐活动不多。(可数名词) (2)n.[U]欢乐；快乐；发笑
I find amusement in collecting stamps. 我以集邮为乐。(不可数名词)
To her great amusement，the actor's wig fell off. 使她感到极其好笑的是，那个演员的假发掉了下来。
思维拓展
amuse vt.使高兴；使开心。和please“取悦于，让……高兴”是近义词。
be amused at/by以……为乐，对……感到好笑 amuse oneself with以……自娱 be amused to do 做……取乐
amusing adj.引起乐趣的；逗人发笑的 amused adj.感到逗乐的；觉得好笑的 to one's amusement使某人高兴/发笑的是
即时训练
They are amused(amuse) by the _amusing(amuse) performances. 5.swing n.[C]秋千；摇摆vt.&vi.swung，swung摇摆；摆动 典型例句
He was swinging his bag back and forth.
他把包前后晃来晃去。 His arms swung as he walked. 他走路的时候摆着双臂。
The swing of his hair looks very funny when he is running. 他跑起来时，摆动的头发看起来很滑稽。 思维拓展
swing the lead装病偷懒
swing by短暂拜访
即时训练
①The soldiers marched along，swinging(swing) their arms.
②The monkey swung(swing) from branch to branch, and soon disappeared. 6 rare adj. 稀罕的；稀有的；珍贵的 典型例句
These flowers are very rare in this country.
这些花在该国很稀有。 This is a rare stamp. 这是一枚珍贵的邮票。 思维拓展
rarely adv. 很少；难得
放在句首，句子采用部分倒装。 We rarely agree on what to do.
我们很少在要做的事情上看法一致。 即时训练
She is rarely(rare)seen in public nowadays. 7 entertain vt.&vi.使欢乐，娱乐；款待 典型例句
The man entertained the children with tricks.
那个人用把戏逗乐孩子。 He entertained friends to dinner. 他设宴款待了朋友。
思维拓展
entertain sb.with sth.用……使某人欢乐
entertain sb.to sth.用……招待某人 entertainment n．款待；娱乐 entertaining adj.使人愉快的；娱乐的
Bob and Liz entertained us to dinner last night，during which time Bob told us many jokes for entertainment，making it an entertaining night.
Bob和Liz昨晚设宴款待我们，期间Bob讲了很多笑话娱乐我们，让我们度过了一个愉快的夜晚。
即时训练
①He still often entertains(entertain) his family with his humour.
②It seems to her that everything is entertaining(entertain)． ③The local entertainments(entertain) are listed in the newspaper.
考点集训一
1．I found the talk both informative and entertaining(entertain)．
2．They were rarely(rare) seen together and certainly did not travel together. 3．We killed a few hours by wandering(wander) round the shops.
4．If everyone puts in a bit more effort, the job will be finished ahead of time. 5．The idea of studying abroad appealed to him.
1 take turns 轮流
典型例句
The doctors take turns at participating in the mobile medical team.
医生们轮流参加巡回医疗队。 思维拓展
in one's turn轮到某人；接着
in turn(＝take it in turns)依次；轮流；反之；反过来 by turns轮流；依次
take turns to do sth.轮流做某事 take turns (in)doing sth.轮流做某事 It is one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事 When it is in my turn, I am too excited to speak. 当轮到我时，我激动得都说不出话来了。 即时训练
①He cooked the meal in his turn this week.
②The two brothers take turns looking(look) after their father. 2 be famous for＝be known for以……而闻名 典型例句
He was famous for his novels.
他以他的小说而闻名。 France is famous for its wine. 法国以葡萄酒闻名。
思维拓展
be famous as(＝be known as)作为……而闻名
be famous to sb.(＝be known to sb.)为某人所熟知
Virginia is famous as the birthplace of several USA presidents. 弗吉尼亚作为几位美国总统的出生地而出名。 The pop star is famous to young people. 这个流行歌手为年轻人所熟知。 即时训练
He is famous for his humour. 3 be familiar with通晓某事物；熟悉某事物 典型例句
Are you familiar with this type of machine?
你熟悉这种机器吗？
易混辨析
be familiar with，be familiar to
短语 be familiar with be familiar to 你熟悉棒球规则吗？
English and maths are the subjects that are familiar to you. 数学、英语是你熟悉的科目。
方法点拨
be similar to意为“跟……相像的/类似的”，注意与be familiar to的区别。
This car is familiar to me，which is not similar to yours. 这辆车我很熟悉，这车与你的不一样。 即时训练
意义 熟悉；通晓 为……熟悉 主语 人 事物 宾语 事物 人 Are you familiar with the rules of baseball? He is familiar with this park. 4 have fun玩得高兴；过得快活
典型例句
The children were having so much fun，and I hated to call them inside.
小孩子玩得很开心，我不忍心把他们叫进来。 思维拓展
have fun (in) doing sth.做某事很开心
make fun of取笑……；开……玩笑；为了好玩 for/in fun开玩笑地 be full of fun充满乐趣
即时训练
They had fun playing (play) with water. 5 more than不仅仅；超过；非常
典型例句
Akira Nagata is more than a scientist. He is also a poet.
永田明不仅仅是位科学家，还是位诗人。 误区警示
more than的用法
修饰名词时，表示“不仅仅，不止(＝not only)”。 Bamboo is used for more than building.竹子不仅仅用于建筑。 More than 70 percent of our planet is covered 后接数字，表示“超过；多于”。 修饰形容词、副词、动词、分词或句子时，起加强语气的作用，表示“十分”。 by water.我们的星球表面70%以上被水所覆盖。 They were more than glad to help.他们非常乐意帮忙。 more...than...与其说……倒不如说……；比……更…… She is more lazy(不用lazier) than unintelligent. 与其说她不聪明倒不如说她懒惰。 即时训练
He is more than happy today. 6 up to多达，高达
典型例句
He can earn up to $50,000 a year.
他每年能挣多达五万美元。
思维拓展
be up to sth.正在干/从事着某事(尤指坏事)；在捣鬼
be up to＝be fit for 胜任(常用于否定句和疑问句中) up to＝up till/until 直到……
It's up to sb.to do sth.由某人负责/决定做某事 即时训练
—What shall we do tonight?
—It's up to you—whatever you want. 7 upside down上下翻转，颠倒
典型例句
You're holding the book upside down.
你把书拿颠倒了。
The house was turned upside down by the burglars. 那屋子被窃贼翻得乱七八糟。 You've hung that picture upside down! 你把那幅画挂颠倒了！
In the Spring Festival, Chinese people would like to hang the character fu upside down. 春节期间，中国人喜欢将“福”字倒过来挂。 思维拓展
turn sth.upside down把……翻得乱七八糟
inside out里面朝外
The wind turned my umbrella inside out. 大风把我的伞吹得翻了过去。
即时训练
Had early explorers come from the southern hemisphere, would our maps appear upside down?
考点集训二
1．I went to work as a painter in my hometown. 2．This job rather appeals to me.
3．His wish to visit China has at last come (come) true. 4．The area is famous for its very mild winter climate. 5．It's up to you to pay the bill this time.
6．There are 45 students in our class, up to half of whom are boys.
1.Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters， others for showing famous sights and sounds.
一些公园以拥有最大或最长的过山车而闻名，另一些公园则以展示著名的风景和声音而闻名。 句式分析
some...others...表示“一些……另一些……”。
At weekends, some people usually stay at home, while others would go out. 在周末，有些人会待在家里，也有些人宁愿出去。 To some people life is enjoyable，while to others it is painful. 对一些人来说生活是美好的，而对另一些人来说生活是痛苦的。
易混辨析
one...the other/some...others/some...the others
one...the other some... others some...the others 内涵 一个…… 另一个 一些…… 另一些 一些…… 另一些 对象 有两部分，the others指剩余的全部对象 外延 只有两个 至少有三部分，others不指剩余的全部即时训练
Some people like art while others like music.
2.Whichever and whatever you like， there is an incredible theme park that will appeal to you！
不管你喜欢哪一个，喜欢什么，总会有一个妙不可言的主题公园吸引你！ 句式分析
这是一个复合句，whichever and whatever you like是让步状语从句；主句中 that will appeal to you是定语从句，先行词是park，that是关系代词。
It takes three hours, whichever route you take. 无论你走哪一条路都需要三个小时。
即时训练
①Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.
②The situation is an awkward one, whichever way you look at it. ③Whatever decision he made, I would support it.
考点集训三
1．When the teacher came in，some students were writing and others were reading. 2．Whichever they choose, we must accept their decision. 3．You have our support, whatever you decide. 4．Choose whichever brand you prefer.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．It seemed incredible(难以置信的)that she had been there a week already. 2．Cycling (骑自行车)is Europe's second most popular sport.
3．We walked in silence up a flight of stairs and down a long corridor(走廊)． 4．I couldn't reach the pedals(脚蹬子)on her bike.
5.Ten minutes later we were sluicing off dust at the fountain(喷泉)in the town centre. 6．Which is the best route(路线) to take?
7．This will create problems in the months ahead(前面)．
8．Disneyland is an amusement park, but we can also call it a theme(主题)park. 9．The Prime Minister appealed(呼吁)to young people to use their vote. 10．In the nineteenth century, pirates(海盗)roamed the seas. Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The cyclist(cycle) turned off the highway onto a side road. 2．The district board will vote today on whether to go ahead with the plan. 3．On the other hand, the idea appealed to him. 4．Spending the holidays in Britain wasn't a prospect that I found particularly appealing(appeal)．
5．I noticed that his eyes were wandering(wander)． 6．Rarely(rare)has a debate attracted so much media attention. 7．She was always so funny and entertaining(entertain)． 8．France is famous as a wine-producing country. 9．I work as an artist's model. 10．You can make that dream come true (truth)．
Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．buffet n. 自助餐；(火车)饮食柜台；(车站)快餐部 v．连续猛击；打来打去 a buffet lunch/supper 自助午餐/晚餐 to be buffeted by the wind 被风吹得左右摇摆
2．edge n．边；边缘；边线；刀刃 vt.& vi.(使)徐徐移动；给……加边 be on edge紧张不安；激动；烦躁 on/at the edge of...在……边上
take the edge off sth.减弱；使变钝；挫伤……的锐气 rough edges 瑕疵；美中不足之处
have/gain an edge on/over 比……占优势；胜过 edge sb./sth. out (of sth.)逐渐将……排挤出 3．vast adj.巨大的；辽阔的
4．ban vt.禁止，取缔 n．[C]禁令(多与介词on连用) ban sb.from(doing)sth.禁止某人做某事 impose/introduce a/the ban on禁止…… lift/remove the ban on...解除对……的禁令 a ban on sth.对某事的禁令 place/put...under a ban禁止……
5．accompany vt. 陪同；伴随，与……同时发生 vt. 为……伴奏 accompanist n. 伴奏者 companion n. 伙伴，同伴 company n. 陪伴；公司，商号
keep sb.company 陪伴某人，和某人做伴 6．adopt vt.采用；采纳 vt.& vi.收养 7．bless vt.祝福
be blessed with sth./sb.赋有(能力等)；享有(幸福等) bless you保佑你
God bless you(离别时的祝愿语)愿上帝保佑，祝一路平安 blessing n．幸事；准许
a blessing in disguise因祸得福；祸中有福 count your blessings知足
8．prohibit vt.(尤指以法令)禁止；阻止 prohibit sth.禁止/阻止某事
prohibit sb.from doing sth.禁止/阻止某人做某事
prohibition n．【U】(尤指通过法律的)禁止，阻止；【C】禁令 prohibition against/on sth.某事的禁令 9．stretch vi.延伸；延续 vi.& vt.伸展；舒展 stretch a rope tight把绳子拉紧 stretch oneself伸懒腰
stretch your legs (informal) (久坐之后)散散步，活动活动腿脚 stretch out＝stretch yourself out躺下(通常为休息或睡觉) 10．ahead adv.向前；在前面；提前 ahead of time/schedule 提前
go ahead 前进；进行；去做吧；着手；开始做
11．appeal vi.有感染力/吸引力；呼吁；恳求；上诉 n．[C，U]呼吁，恳求；吸引力；上诉
appeal to sb.吸引某人
appeal to sb.for sth.为某事呼吁某人
appeal to sb.to do sth.呼吁某人做某事
appeal(to sb./sth.)against sth.(向……)上诉…… make/launch an appeal to sb.for/to do sth. 呼吁某人做某事
12．wander vi.& vt.漫游；漫步；漂泊 wander about/in/through/around 徘徊；闲逛 wonder vt. 惊奇；诧异；想知道 n. [C]奇迹；奇观
13．amusement n．[C]消遣；娱乐(活动) n．[U]欢乐；快乐；发笑 amuse vt.使高兴；使开心。和please“取悦于，让……高兴”是近义词。
be amused at/by以……为乐，对……感到好笑 amuse oneself with以……自娱 be amused to do 做……取乐
amusing adj.引起乐趣的；逗人发笑的 amused adj.感到逗乐的；觉得好笑的 to one's amusement使某人高兴/发笑的是
14．swing n．[C]秋千；摇摆vt.& vi.(swung，swung)摇摆；摆动 swing the lead装病偷懒 swing by短暂拜访
15．rare adj. 稀罕的；稀有的；珍贵的 rarely adv. 很少；难得
16．entertain vt.& vi.使欢乐，娱乐；款待 entertain sb. with sth.用……使某人欢乐 entertain sb. to sth.用……招待某人 entertainment n．款待；娱乐 entertaining adj.使人愉快的；娱乐的 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．on...terms按照……条件；根据……的主张 in terms of就……来说；从……角度
come to terms with达成协议；和好；接受；适应 be on good/ bad terms关系良好/不好 in the long/ short term就长远/短期而言 on equal terms在平等的条件下
2．used to do sth.过去(常常)做某事[暗指现在不做了] 3．close by在附近；在近旁 close to靠近
get close to靠近；接近 be close at hand近在咫尺 close friends亲密的朋友 keep in close touch 保持密切联系 4．feed on以……为食
feed sb./ sth.on sth.用……喂养…… feed sth.to sb./sth.给……喂…… feed up厌烦
be fed up with受够了；饱受；厌烦 feed back反应；反馈
live on sth.(人)以……为主食；靠……生活 5．on the move在行进中；在移动中 get a move on赶快
make the first move抢先行动；抢占先机；主动示好 make a move动身；开始行动
make a move on sb.对某人采取行动；(速度竞赛时)设法超越某人 make a/your/...move采取行动；开始行动
6．pick up拿起；提起；拾起；捡起；学会；开车接(某人)；好转 pick out辨认出；拣出；挑选出
7．set out开始做某事；出发；动身；安排；摆放；陈列；陈述；阐明 set aside将……放在一边；为……节省或保留(钱或时间)；暂时不考虑 set about (doing sth.)着手做某事 set down写下；放下
set off 动身；出发；引起；引爆 set up建立
8．anything like与……相像 nothing like与……一点也不像
anything else还要别的吗；奇招尽出；别的东西 anything but根本不；远非
more like...(提供比以前更准确的数量)差不多，更接近
What is sb. like？(表示某人做了令人讨厌、愚蠢之类的事)某人怎么回事，某人怎么会是这个样子？
most/very like很可能；大概 9．take steps采取措施 take measures 采取措施 take action采取措施
mind/watch your steps走路小心；言行小心谨慎 a/one step at a time一步一步；逐步；按部就班 10．live off依靠……生活；以吃……为生 live off welfare靠救济过活 live a．..life过着……的生活 live by sth.按照(某信念或原则)生活 live by doing sth.以做某事为生 live for为……而活着
live on(人)以……为主食；靠……生活；继续活着，继续存在 live up to达到；不辜负(他人的期望) live with忍受，容忍(令人不快的事) 11．result in 导致，造成
cause/ bring about/lead to导致，造成 as a result因此，结果 without result徒劳，毫无结果 result from因……产生；起因于
as a result of由于……，作为……的结果 12．as well as也，还
(1) as well as，“不但……而且……”，连接相同的句子成分。 (2) as well as连接并列主语时，应根据前者确定谓语动词的形式。 (3)当 as well as连接两个动词时，后面的动词要用动词-ing形式。
(4)同为“不仅……而且……”，A as well as B作主语时，强调A，谓语动词与A保持一致； not only A but also B作主语时，强调B，谓语动词就近一致。
13．fit into融入；与……相处融洽；归属 fit in with sb./sth.与……合得来；与……相适应 be fit for胜任；适合；合格 be fit to do适合做 14．take turns 轮流 in one's turn轮到某人；接着
in turn(＝take it in turns)依次；轮流；反之；反过来 by turns轮流；依次
take turns to do sth.轮流做某事 take turns (in)doing sth.轮流做某事 It is one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事 15．be famous for(＝be known for)以……而闻名 be famous as(＝be known as)作为……而闻名 be famous to sb.(＝be known to sb.)为某人所熟知 16．be familiar with通晓某事物；熟悉某事物 be similar to跟……相像的/类似的 17．have fun玩得高兴；过得快活 have fun (in) doing sth.做某事很开心
make fun of取笑……；开……玩笑；为了好玩 for/in fun开玩笑地 be full of fun充满乐趣
18．more than不仅仅；超过；非常
more...than...与其说……倒不如说……；比……更…… 19．up to多达，高达
be up to sth.正在干/从事着某事(尤指坏事)；在捣鬼 be up to＝be fit for 胜任(常用于否定句和疑问句中) up to＝up till/until 直到……
(4)It's up to sb.to do sth.由某人负责/决定做某事 20．upside down上下翻转，颠倒 turn sth.upside down把……翻得乱七八糟 inside out里面朝外 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Even_though the sun is brightly shining, telling whether it is morning or night is impossible.
即使阳光明媚，也不可能分辨出是早是晚。
这是一个主从复合句。even though引导让步状语从句；主句中telling whether it is morning or night是动名词作主语；whether...or...引导名词性从句，作telling的宾语。
whether...or...还可以引导让步状语从句，意为“无论……还是……；不管……还是……”。 2．Following_the_reindeer_were_the_Sami_people,_who made this territory their home. 跟随着驯鹿步伐的是萨米人，萨米人把这片土地当作他们的家园。
Following the reindeer were the Sami people是主谓语倒装，主语 the Sami people后置，以便与后面的定语从句更好地衔接，语义上也更连贯。同样的信息用常规的语句表达就成了“ People were following the reindeer.They were the Sami people and they made this territory their home.”，但这会显得句式单调平淡。
使用完全倒装的几种情况：
(1)表示地点的介词短语位于句首，谓语为be，lie，stand，come等不及物动词，且主语是名词时。
(2)地点副词(here, there)、方位副词(up，out，in，down)及时间副词(now，then)等位于句首，谓语为be，go，come等不及物动词，且主语为名词时。
(3)形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，为强调表语或保持句子结构平衡，句子的主谓要完全倒装。
(4)一些表示祝愿的句子里主谓也要完全倒装。
3．It is hoped that Sarek National Park will always remain as it is, natural and beautiful. 人们希望沙瑞克国家公园永远保持原样，自然美丽。 as引导方式状语从句，意为“按照……的方式；像；如同”。 连词as引导状语从句：
(1)as引导原因状语从句，意为“因为”。
(2)as引导方式状语从句，意为“按照……的方式；像，如同”。 (3)as引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”，从句须倒装。
(4)as引导时间状语从句，意为“一边……一边……；随着”，强调主从句动作同时发生。 (5)as引导比较状语从句，常用于as...as...和 not so/as...as...结构中。
4．This vast new park is nearly four_times_larger_than the old wildlife park protecting Siberian tigers in Northeast China.
这个巨大的新公园几乎是中国东北地区保护西伯利亚虎的老野生动物园的四倍大。 four times larger than是倍数表达的一种具体形式。常见的倍数表达形式有： (1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词＋as。 (2)倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than。
(3)倍数＋ the size/height/length/width/depth ＋ of。 (4) 倍数＋that ＋ of。 (5)倍数＋what从句。
5．Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing famous sights and sounds.
一些公园以拥有最大或最长的过山车而闻名，另一些公园则以展示著名的风景和声音而闻名。
some...others...表示“一些……另一些……”。
6．Whichever_and_whatever you like, there is an incredible theme park that will appeal to you!
不管你喜欢哪一个，喜欢什么，总会有一个妙不可言的主题公园吸引你！
这是一个复合句，whichever and whatever you like是让步状语从句，主句中that will appeal to you是定语从句，先行词是park, that是关系代词。
写作技巧点拨
景点介绍
请根据以下要点，写一篇80词左右的英语短文，介绍香港海洋公园。 1.香港海洋公园，位于香港的南部，是一个著名的主题公园。 2.面积超过87万平方米，是世界上最大的海洋公园之一。
3.有30多年的历史，是亚洲主要的旅游景点之一；是香港最受人们喜欢的公园。每年吸引了大量的游客。
4.游客可以体验惊险之旅和观看各种表演。 5.香港海洋公园还为它所提供的教育项目而自豪。
________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
一、构思谋篇
二、关键词语
1．坐落在lie in/be situated/located in 2．占……面积cover 3．旅游胜地tourist attractions 4．吸引attract
5．各种各样的a variety of
6．以……为荣take pride in/be proud of 三、连词成句
1．香港海洋公园，一个著名的主题公园，位于香港的南部。
Hong Kong Ocean Park, a famous theme park, is situated/located in the southern side of Hong Kong.
2．有30多年的历史，是亚洲主要的旅游景点之一。
With a history of over 30 years, Ocean Park has become one of the major tourist attractions in Asia.
3．它是世界上最大的海洋公园之一。 It is one of the largest marine parks in the world. 4．它占地面积87万多平方米。 It covers more than 870,000 square meters. 5．它是香港最受欢迎的公园。 It is Hong Kong's favourite park. 6．它吸引的游客最多。 It attracts the most visitors.
7．游客们可以体验惊险之旅和观看各种表演。
Visitors can experience adventurous trips and enjoy a wide variety of shows. 8．用非谓语动词合并句3和句4。
It is one of the largest marine parks in the world, covering more than 870,000 square meters. 9．用非限制性定语从句合并句5和句6。
It is Hong Kong's favourite park, which attracts the most visitors.
四、连句成篇
Hong Kong Ocean Park, a famous theme park, is situated in the southern side of Hong Kong.It is one of the largest marine parks in the world, covering more than 870,000 square meters.With a history of over 30 years, Ocean Park has become one of the major tourist attractions in Asia.
It is Hong Kong's favourite park, which attracts the most visitors.Visitors can experience adventurous trips and enjoy a wide variety of shows, such as dolphin shows.The park also takes pride in its educational programs.Hong Kong Ocean Park will fill your day with wonder, pleasure and excitement, and reward you with satisfying memories.
描写公园等景点类作文的写作
[篇章结构]
(1)景点介绍属于说明文，使用生动的语言对某一地点和某一环境进行具体逼真的描绘。 (2)开头部分概述景点；主体，叙述活动项目；结尾，对景点的总结。 [亮点句式]
(1)It has a population of about eleven million. 人口大约1 100万。
(2)The city has a long history of 1,000 years. 这个城市有着1 000年的历史。
(3)Hangzhou has many places of interest, among which is the West Lake. 杭州有很多名胜，西湖是其中之一。 (4)Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake. 杭州因西湖而出名。
(5)It covers an area of 1,000 square kilometres. 它的面积是1 000平方千米。 [高分模板]
________(某地)(，the capital of ________，) is located in ________.It has a population of about ________.It is the ________ largest city in ________.(介绍地理位置、人口状况等) ________is the culture, education, business center of ________.It is a city of ________.So many important events have been held here.________ is a modern city with a long history and rich tour resources.(从政治、经济、文化多方面介绍)
There are so many places for people to visit.The most famous are ________.(介绍名胜古迹) In a word, ________ is really a great and attractive city.
Unit 4 Body Language
Why Body Language Is Important?
When you learn a foreign language, you must learn more than the vocabulary and the grammar.To communicate successfully, you must also learn the nonverbal language, or “body language” of that culture.“Body language” is a term used to describe facial expressions, gestures, and other movements of the body that send messages.This means of communication is so important that we may actually say more with our movements than with words.
For some messages, words are not enough.Speaking a foreign language is sometimes difficult because we may not understand the non-verbal signals of another culture.For example, nodding the
head up and down is a gesture that may communicate different messages in different parts of the world.In North America, it means “I agree”．In the Middle East, nodding the head down means “I agree” and up means “I disagree”．In a conversation among Japanese it often simply means “I'm listening”．
Eye contact is also very meaningful, but it can also mean different things in different countries.In some Spanish-speaking countries, children show respect to an old person by not looking
directly into the person's eye during a conversation.In other cultures, looking into a person's eye is expected.For example, if you don't do it in the United States, people may think that you are afraid, embarrassed, or angry.In the Middle East, direct eye contact in a conversation is more continuous than in many other parts of the world.People who are not used to this may feel uncomfortable.
开启快乐学习之旅
当你学习一门外语的时候，你必须学习词汇和语法以外的东西。为了能够顺利沟通，你必须学会那一文化的肢体语言。“肢体语言”是用来描述面部表情、姿势以及其他传递信息的身体动作的术语。这种沟通方式很重要，因而我们实际上可能用动作比用话语表达的更多。
对于有些信息，言语是不够的。有时候说一门外语很难，因为我们可能不理解另一文化的非语言信号。比如，上下点头这一姿势在世界不同的地方表达的信息也是不一样的。在北美，这一姿势意味着“我同意”。在中东，低头表示“我同意”，而抬头表示“我不同意”。在日本人的对话当中，它通常只是表示“我在听”。
眼神接触也很有意义，但是它在不同的国家也可以表示不同的意思。在一些说西班牙语的国家，孩子们在与老人的对话中通过不直视对方的眼睛来对对方表示尊敬。在其他文化中，人们期待别人直视眼睛。比如，在美国，如果你不这样做，人们可能会认为你害怕、尴尬或者生气。在中东，对话中直接的眼神接触的时间比世界上很多其他地方更持久。不习惯的人可能会觉得不舒服。
模块核心素养导航
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．interaction n．交流；相互影响→interact vi.交流；相互影响
2．vary vi.(根据情况)变化；改变→various adj.多样的，各种各样的→variety n．变化；多样化
3．appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的→inappropriate adj.不合适的；不恰当的 4．approve vi.赞成；同意 vt.批准；通过→approval n．赞成；批准
5．demonstrate vt.表现；表达；说明；证明→demonstration n．集会示威；游行示威；示范；演示；证明；说明
6．gesture n．手势；姿势；姿态
7．witness vt.当场看到；目击；见证 n．目击者；证人
8．employ vt.使用；应用；雇用→employer n．雇主→employee n．雇工 9．identical adj.相同的
10．interpret vt.把……理解(解释)为 vt.& vi.口译→interpretation n．理解；解释；演绎；演奏方式；表演方式→interpreter n．口译工作者；口译译员
11．differ vi.相异；不同于→different adj.相异的；不同的→difference n．不同；相异 12．cheek n．面颊；脸颊
13．favour vt.较喜欢；选择；有利于 n．帮助；恩惠；赞同→favourable adj.给人好印象的；肯定的；赞同的；支持的；有利的
14．bow vi.鞠躬；点头 vt.低(头) n．弓；蝴蝶结 15．waist n．腰；腰部 16．barrier n．隔阂；障碍
17．fake adj.假装的；假的；冒充的
18．anger n．愤怒；怒气 vt.使生气；激怒→angry adj.生气的 19．reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的→rely vi.信赖；依靠 20．incident n．发生的事情；严重事件；冲突 21．trial n．& v．审讯；审判；试验；试用
22．slight adj.轻微的；略微的；细小的→slightly adv.略微；稍微 23．twin adj.双胞胎之一的；孪生之一的 n．孪生之一；双胞胎之一 24．nonverbal adj.不涉及言语的；非语言的→verbal adj.涉及言语的；语言的 25．assessment n．评价；评定→assess vt.评估；评价 26．internal adj.内部的；里面的 27．slump vi.垂头弯腰地走(或坐等)
28．pose n．故作姿态；(为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势 vi.摆好姿勢 vt.造成(威胁、问题等)
29．bend vt.& vi.(使)弯曲；倾斜；偏向→bent(过去式)→bent(过去分词) Ⅱ.重点短语
1．body language 身势语；肢体语言 2．vary from...to...从……到……变化 3．look into someone's eyes 直视某人 4．by contrast相比之下 5．look down俯视；向下看 6．by comparison(与……)相比较 7．make inferences推理；推断 8．figure out想出；理解；弄清
9．get through完成，干完(尤指难做的任务或工作)；度过，熬过(困难或不快的时期)；通过电话联系上；接通……的电话；通过(考试)
10．break down消除；分解；打破 11．feel down感到沮丧；情绪消沉 12．in favour of支持
13．tend to_do sth.易于；往往；倾向于；有助于 14．straighten up直起来；整理；收拾整齐 15．end up(通常指意外地)最终到达；最终；结果 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．We can learn a lot about what people are thinking by watching_their_body_language. 通过观察人们的肢体语言，我们可以了解他们在想什么。
2．In countries like France and Russia, people may kiss_their_friends_on_the_cheek when they meet.
在法国和俄罗斯这样的国家，人们见面时可能会亲吻朋友的脸颊。
3．And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing_better_than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.
如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，没有什么比看到好朋友的笑脸更好的了。 4．Can you describe a situation where you might smile when you don't mean it? 你能描述一个当你不是真心的时候你可能会微笑的情况吗？
1 interaction n.交流；相互影响
典型例句
There is a need for more interaction between staff and children.
教工与学生之间需要更多的交流。
There is an interaction between physical and emotional illness. 身体疾病与心理疾病之间存在着相互影响。 They are experts on human-computer interaction. 他们是人机交互专家。
思维拓展
interaction between sb./sth.＝interaction with sb./sth. 与……的交流；与……相互影响
interact vi.交流；相互影响
interact with sb.与某人交流；与某人沟通 interact with sth.与……相互影响
Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child. 教师和每个孩子沟通的时间有限。
Perfume interacts with the skin's natural chemicals. 香水和皮肤的天然化学物质相互作用。
即时训练
Millions of people want new, simplified ways of interacting with a computer. 2 appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的
典型例句
It is an appropriate time to make a speech.
这是发表演讲的合适时间。 This is an appropriate request for them. 这对他们来说是个正当的要求。 思维拓展
be appropriate for/to对……合适
It is appropriate for sb.to do sth.适合某人做某事 It is appropriate(that)……是合适的
His clothes were not appropriate for such a season. 他的衣服不适宜在这样的季节穿。
即时训练
Now that we have found the problem，we can take appropriate (appropriately) action.
3 approve vt.赞成；认可；批准vi.赞同
典型例句
Last of all, the chief editor read it and approved it.
最后主编审读了这篇稿子，并且批准可以发表了。
The government approved a plan to build more houses for the poor to live in.
政府批准了一项计划来建造更多的房子让穷人居住。 思维拓展
approve of sth.赞成；同意
approve of sb./sb.'s doing sth.赞成某人做某事 approval n．[U]赞成；批准
Catherine's mother will never approve of her marriage to you. 凯瑟琳的母亲永远不会同意她和你结婚。
即时训练
Most of his girlfriends failed to meet with his father's approval(approve)． 4 demonstrate vt.
典型例句
(1)表达；表露；表现；显露
You need to demonstrate more self-control. 你应该表现出更强的自制力。 (2)证明；证实；论证；说明
These results demonstrate convincingly that our campaign is working. 这些结果有力地证明，我们的运动正在发挥作用。 Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing. 我来向你说明一下我们面临的一些困难。 (3)示范；演示
Her job involves demonstrating new educational software. 她的工作包括演示新的教学软件。 (4)集会示威；游行示威
They are demonstrating in favour of free higher education. 他们举行示威游行，要求实行免费高等教育。 思维拓展
demonstrate sth.表现……；表达……
demonstrate sth.to sb.向某人证明……；向某人表达…… demonstrate sth.to be...证明某事…… demonstrate that...证明……
It has been demonstrated that ...已经证明…… demonstrate against...示威反对……
demonstration n. 集会示威；游行示威；示范；演示；证明；说明 即时训练
It has been demonstrated that this drug is effective. 5 witness
典型例句
(1)vt.当场看到，目击；见证
Several residents claimed to have witnessed the attack. 几个居民声称他们亲眼看见了那起袭击事件。 (2)n.目击者，证人 常用搭配：
be a witness to sth.目击某事
appear as a witness for sb.出庭为某人作证为……作证bear/give witness to sth.
那起事故的一个目击者说司机好像喝醉了。
One witness to the accident said the driver appeared to be drunk. He decided to appear as (a) witness for the prosecution. 他决定出庭为原告作证。
即时训练
Many people witnessed(witness) the car accident，so it was not difficult to investigate. 6 employ vt. 雇用；利用时间、精力等
典型例句
Our company employed about one hundred people.
我们公司雇用了大约一百人。 You could employ your spare time better. 你可以更好地利用闲暇时间。 思维拓展
employ sb.to do... 雇用某人做……
employ sb.as... 雇用某人为……；聘请某人担任…… be employed in doing sth.从事于；忙于做某事 employer n．雇主 employee n．雇工
即时训练
The firm employed(employ) the retired professor as an adviser. 7 interpret
典型例句
(1)vt.把……理解(解释)为
The data can be interpreted in many different ways. 这份资料可以从多方面解读。 (2)vt.& vi.口译
She couldn't speak much English so her children had to interpret for her. 她讲不了几句英语，所以她的孩子们得给她翻译。 (3)vt.诠释；演绎(按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色) He interpreted the role with a lot of humour. 他把这个角色演得十分幽默。 思维拓展
interpret ...as...把……理解(解释)为
interpret sth.for sb.为某人口头翻译 interpret ...into...把……解释成……
interpretation n．理解；解释；演绎；演奏方式；表演方式 interpreter n．口译工作者；口译译员
即时训练
I didn't know whether to interpret her silence as acceptance or refusal. 8 differ vi.不同；相异
典型例句
differ from...in...在……方面不同于……
differ with sb.on/about sth.关于某事不同于某人的观点。 Customs differ in different countries. 各国风俗不同。
The twins differ from each other in character. 这对孪生姐妹性格迥异。 I have to differ with you on that. 在那一点上我不能同意你的看法。 思维拓展
different adj.不同的；有差别的
be different from...in...在……方面与……不同 difference n．区别；差异
tell the difference between A and B 说出A与B的区别
make a/no/some/...difference (to)有/没有/有一些……关系/作用/影响 make all the difference 关系重大；大不相同 Whether he comes or not makes no difference. 他是否来没有影响。
即时训练
In our daily life, everyone fails every now and then.It is how you react that makes a difference(different)． 9 favour＝favor
典型例句
(1)n. 喜爱，偏爱；恩惠，帮助；赞同，支持。
Was he in favour of the death penalty？他赞成死刑吗？ Can I ask a favour of you？＝Can I ask you for a favour? 请您帮个忙，好吗？
Do me a favour to turn off the radio. 帮我把收音机关上。
(2)vt. 较喜欢，选择；有助于，有利于；偏爱。 The president is believed to favour further tax cuts. 人们认为总统会赞同进一步减税。 She always favours her youngest child. 她总是偏爱她最小的孩子。 思维拓展
in favour of...支持/赞成……，为有利于……in sb.'s favour 对某人有利，有助于某人
do sb.a favour＝do a favour for sb.帮某人的忙ask sb.for a favour＝ask a favour of sb.请求某人帮忙favourable adj. 赞同的，有利的 favoured adj. 受到宠爱的，得到偏爱的
favourite adj.特别喜欢的 n. 特别喜欢的人/事物
即时训练
We were very excited because the score was 41 in our favour. 10 bow
典型例句
(1)vi 鞠躬，点头。
They bowed to the audience in the end. 最后他们向观众鞠躬。
All the people bowed down before the Emperor. 所有人都向皇帝鞠躬。
(2)vt. 低(头)，俯(首)。常与 down 连用。 She bowed her head (down) in shame. 她羞愧地低下了头。
(3)vi. & vt. (使)弯曲。相当于 bend。 The willows bow in the breeze. 柳树被微风吹弯了。
His back was bowed under the weight of the packs. 背包压弯了他的背。 (4)n. [C]鞠躬；弓；蝴蝶结。
He moved aside for her with a polite bow. 他礼貌地鞠躬，退避一旁让她过去。
Liu Xiang made his start like an arrow from a bow. 刘翔起跑时像一支离弦的箭。 思维拓展
bow to/before sb.向某人鞠躬
bow low (to/before sb.) (向某人)深深地鞠一躬 bow down (to/before sb.) (向某人)鞠躬 即时训练
Your table tennis is excellent.I bow to your superior skill. 11 reliable adj. 可信赖的；可靠的
典型例句
We're looking for someone who is reliable and hard-working.
我们正在寻找可靠而又勤奋的人。
思维拓展
rely on/upon＝depend on/upon 依靠；信任；信赖
rely on it that...相信…… He is a person that you can rely on. 他是一个你可以信赖的人。
即时训练
In order to ensure children's health，we are determined to provide milk products with reliable (rely) sources.
12 trial n.审判；审讯；试验 典型例句
He's standing trial for thieving.
他正因涉嫌偷窃而接受审判。 We shall put the machine to further trial. 我们将进一步试验这部机器。 思维拓展
be on trial在受审；在试验中
stand trial for...因……而受审 make a trial进行试验 即时训练
The robber is on trial at present. 13 slightly adv. 略微；轻微地 典型例句
The patient is slightly better today.
病人今天稍好些了。
He was slightly wounded in the car accident. 他在车祸中受了轻伤。 思维拓展
slight adj. 轻微的；微小的
Don't worry.It's just a slight problem. 别担心，那只是个小问题。
即时训练
The middle-aged economist advised that the merchants be taxed slightly(slight) from the
beginners in the business. 14 assess vt.评估；评定
典型例句
That means you must be able to assess when people are not telling the whole truth and then try to discover it.
那就是说，当人们还没有说出全部的真相时，你必须能够做出判断，然后去发现它。 思维拓展
(1)assess sth.at＋钱 估算/评估某物为多少钱
assess sth./sb.(as sth./sb.)评定/评价(为……) assess＋从句 评定/评估…… (2)assessor n．评审员/估价员 assessment n．评价/评定
make an assessment of评估/评价
After the flood, they assessed the loss at 10 million yuan. 洪水过后，他们估算损失为一千万元。
即时训练
The young men were_assessed(assess) as either safe or unsafe drivers. 15 pose
典型例句
(1)vt.造成(威胁、问题等)
The task poses no special problems. 这项任务不会造成特别的问题。 (2)vi.摆好姿势
The delegates posed for a group photograph. 代表们摆好姿势准备拍集体照。 (3)vi.佯装；冒充；假扮
The gang entered the building posing as workmen. 这伙匪徒冒充工人混进了大楼。
(4)(通常用于进行时)招摇；炫耀；拿姿作态 I saw him out posing in his new sports car. 我看见他开着他的崭新跑车招摇过市。 (5)n.故作姿态；(为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势 He adopted a relaxed pose for the camera. 他摆了个悠闲的姿势拍照。
思维拓展
pose a threat/challenge/danger/risk 构成威胁/挑战/危险/风险
pose as sb.冒充某人
pose (for sb./sth.) (为画像、摄影)摆好姿势 strike a pose/an attitude摆出某种姿态
即时训练
This could pose a threat to jobs in the coal industry. 考点集训一
1．I like to interact with others, so I have many friends. 2．The theories were demonstrated to_be_false(false)． 3．The students were asked to_interpret(interpret)the poem. 4．It is not possible for everyone to put their own interpretation(interpret)on the law. 5．After the wedding we all posed for a photograph. 6．The firm has over 500 employees(employ)． 7．French differs from English in this respect. 8．The most common multiple births are twins(twin), two babies born at the same time. 9．She desperately wanted to win her father's approval(approve)．
10．Our information comes from a reliable(rely)source.
1.vary from...to... 由……到……不等，从……到……变化 典型例句
Teaching methods vary greatly from school to school.
各个学校的教学方法大不相同。 思维拓展
vary in sth.在某方面不同/有差异
vary with随……变化/改变
vary between...and...从……到……不等 various adj.各种各样的；多姿多彩的 varied adj.各种各样的；变化的 variety n．不同种类；多样化 a variety of＝varieties of种种
即时训练
Opinions on this matter varied(various) greatly from person to person，but somehow we managed to reach a decision. 2 figure out
典型例句
(1)弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白
I can't figure out how to do this. 我弄不懂怎么做这件事。 (2)计算(数量或成本)
Have you figured out how much the trip will cost? 旅行要花多少费用你计算出来没有？ 思维拓展
figure on计划；打算；预料到
it/that figures有道理；合乎情理 watch one's figure注意保持体形
即时训练
It took them about one month to figure out how to start the equipment. 3 break down
典型例句
(1)vi.(机器)出故障，(车辆)抛锚，损坏
The car broke down on the way to the airport. 车子在去机场的路上抛锚了。 (2)vi.(身体)垮掉
Your health will break down if you work too hard. 若工作太累，你的身体会垮的。
(3)vi.(谈判等)失败，破裂
The peace talk broke down with no agreement reached. 和平会谈失败，没有达成任何协议。 即时训练
My car broke down on my way to the town. 4 in favour of 赞同；支持；赞成
典型例句
I'm all in favour of equal pay for equal work.
我完全支持同工同酬。
I talked to Susan about it, and she's all in favour of going. 我与苏珊谈了这件事，她完全赞同离开。 思维拓展
(1)be in/out of favour (with sb.)
＝be in/out of sb.'s favour 得到/失去某人的尊重、赞同等 in sb.'s favour 对某人有利
do sb.a favour＝do a favour for sb.帮某人忙 owe sb.a favour 欠某人一个人情 (2)favourable adj.喜爱的；赞同的 I'll ask Tom to take it.He owes me a favour. 我要请汤姆接受。他欠我一个人情。 Could you do me a favour and turn off the light? 请帮忙把灯关掉好吗？ (3)in＋名词＋of短语 in search of 寻找 in need of 需要 in place of 代替 in memory of 为了纪念 in case of 万一
in terms of 就……而言；在……方面 in possession of 占有 in charge of 主管；负责 in praise of 赞扬；表扬 in view of 鉴于；考虑到
即时训练
Most people are in favour of bringing down housing prices because they are too high for them.
5.get through 设法联系上尤指打通电话；设法做完；通过；度过 典型例句
I tried to ring my girlfriend but I couldn't get through.
我试图给女朋友打电话，可是打不通。
If you keep disturbing him, he will never get through his work.
如果你一直打扰他，他永远也做不完他的工作。 It took us only a few minutes to get through the Customs. 我们通过海关只花了几分钟时间。 思维拓展
(1)get across 被理解；使人了解
get down to 认真地静下心(工作)(to 为介词) get over 克服 get on 进展；进步 get in 收获
get around/round 到处走动；传播出去 Your meaning didn't really get across. 你的意思并未真正被别人理解。 (2)go through 检查；经历
pass through 从……中穿过；走过……中 look through 浏览；仔细查看 see through 看穿；识破
live through 活过(一段时间)；经过……后仍然活着 break through 突破(障碍)
Ms Chen is going through the students' papers. 陈老师正在检查学生们的论文。
即时训练
Hardly could he get through this amount of work in such a short time. 6 straighten up直起来；整理；收拾整齐 典型例句
I told them to straighten up.
我叫他们挺起身子来。
From ingrained habit he paused to straighten up the bed. 出于长期的习惯，他停下来整理床铺。
思维拓展
straighten out(使)变直；(使)变正；理清，整顿(混乱的局面)
straight away立刻；马上 即时训练
Straighten up the room. 考点集训二
1．No one could figure out how he got to be so wealthy. 2．The boy with his back to the camera began to straighten up;_he was turning. 3．It is hard to see how people will get through the winter. 4．I wouldn't be in favour of income tax cuts. 5.Our customs vary from place to place. 6．Talks with business leaders broke down last night.
7．She broke down when she heard the news, but quickly recovered.
8．When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast. 9．By comparison, expenditure on education increased last year.
1.We can learn a lot about what people are thinking by watching their body language. 通过观察人们的肢体语言，我们可以了解他们在想什么。 句式分析
by doing表示方式，意为“凭借；通过”。 He makes a living by doing odd jobs. 他靠做临时的工作来谋生。 即时训练
Switch it on by pressing this button. 2.In countries like France and Russia，people may kiss their friends on the cheek when they meet.
在法国和俄罗斯这样的国家，人们见面时可能会亲吻朋友的脸颊。 句式分析
kiss their friends on the cheek 属于“动词＋sb.＋in/on/by＋the＋身体部位”结构，该结构用来表示接触某人身体的某一部位。
Don't hit him in the face. 不要打他的脸。
The angry father caught his son by the arm. 那个生气的父亲拽住了他儿子的胳膊。 The naughty boy hit the man on the nose. 那个淘气的男孩儿打中了那个人的鼻子。 即时训练
He hit the boy in the face. 3.Can you describe a situation where you might smile when you don't mean it？
你能描述一个当你不是真心的时候你可能会微笑的情况吗？ 句式分析
当先行词为抽象地点名词case,situation,position,atmosphere,stage,activity, family和point等且关系词在从句中作状语时，常用where或in which来引导定语从句。
The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time. 国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。
即时训练
①We may find ourselves in a situation where we can't pay our debts.
②All the neighbours admire this family, where the parents treat their children like friends. 考点集训三
1．The all-female ship crew made history by becoming(become)the first to sail round the world.
2.She leaned up and kissed him on the cheek.
3．Imagine that you are in a situation where no one believes in you. 4．Let's think of a situation where this idiom can be used.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．While the other children interacted(交流) and played together, Ted ignored them. 2．His sudden departure had demonstrated(说明) how unreliable he was. 3．His expressions varied(变化)from poker-faced to blank. 4.Jeans are not appropriate(合适的) for a formal party.
5．She finished what she had to say with a gesture(姿势)of despair.
6．Your time could be usefully employed(使用)in attending to professional matters. 7．Police have appealed for witnesses(目击者) to the accident. 8．Her dress is almost identical(相同的)to mine.
9．Later on I remember that I forgot to_bow(鞠躬) at that time. 10．The coat is a bit tight at the waist(腰部)． Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Her confidence was merely a pose to hide her uncertainty. 2．I like to interact with people and I am good at communication. 3．We want to_demonstrate(demonstrate) our commitment to human rights. 4．We were driving half when the car broke down. 5．Performances varied from excellent to acceptable.
6．Two-thirds of the French are in favour of limiting foreign imports into Europe. 7．Look, I can't get through to this number.
8．You must figure out some way of getting some bread.
9．Speaking through an interpreter(interpret), the President said that the talks were going well. 10．Robert patted her on the head in a friendly manner.
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
v．-ing形式作宾语和表语
考点一 v．-ing形式作宾语
v．-ing形式可作动词(短语)的宾语和介词的宾语，我们在此重点讲解前者的用法。 1．在admit, avoid, consider(考虑), enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine，mind, miss, practise, suggest, delay, appreciate等动词之后只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。
I often practise listening and speaking. 我经常练习听和说。
Do you mind passing me that dictionary? 你介意递给我那本词典吗？
2．在动词短语give up，put off，get to(着手)，object to，look forward to，devote oneself to，can't help(禁不住)等后用动名词作宾语。
I object to being scolded for the trivial matter like this. 我反对因这样的小事而受人责备。
Everyone was looking forward to returning home. 大家都盼望着回家。 [巧学妙记]
巧记后接动名词作宾语的及物动词(短语)：
建议，考虑，坚持练(suggest，advise，consider，insist on，practise)， 允许，想象，弃冒险(permit，allow，imagine，give up，risk)， 阻止，抵抗，否逃脱(prevent，resist，deny，escape)， 不禁，介意，保持完(can't help，mind，keep，finish)，
耽误，推迟，求原谅(delay，put off，require，forgive，excuse)， 承认，错过，欣喜欢(admit，miss，appreciate，enjoy)。
3．动词begin，start，continue等后既可跟不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。但begin，start，continue本身用于进行时或后接realize，wonder等表心理活动的词时，常用不定式作宾语。
I was allowed to continue using the library. 我获准继续使用该图书馆。 They continued to meet every week. 他们继续每周见面。
4．动词love，like，hate，prefer等后可跟动名词和不定式作宾语，但接动名词表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。
He likes swimming. 他喜欢游泳。
He doesn't like to swim this afternoon. 今天下午他不愿去游泳。
5．一些动词(短语)后既可跟动名词作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。这些动词(短语)有：
go on doing sth.继续干同一件事 go on to do sth.接着干另一件事
forget doing sth.忘记干过某事 forget to do sth.忘记要干某事
try doing sth.试着做某事 try to do sth.努力做某事
remember doing sth.记得干过某事 remember to do sth.记住要干某事mean to do sth.打算做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事
can't help to do sth.不能帮忙做某事 can't help doing sth.禁不住做某事
I meant to tell you the truth，but it was too late. 我本打算告诉你真相的，但是太晚了。 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 错过那班火车意味着再等一个小时。 I'll try to learn Spanish. 我要努力学习西班牙语。 Why not try going by boat? 为什么不试着坐船去呢？
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗？
6．need，want，require后作宾语的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。need/want/require doing＝need/want/require to be done。
Your house needs repairing.(＝Your house needs to be repaired.)你的房子需要修理。 Your coat wants washing.(＝Your coat wants to be washed.) 你的外套该洗了。
注意：v.-ing的复合结构作宾语。形式有： ①形容词性物主代词＋动名词②名词's＋动名词
③人称代词宾格＋动名词④名词＋动名词
我一点儿也不知道窗户开着。 考点二 v．-ing作表语 1．动名词作表语
作表语的动名词所体现的是名词的特性，用于对主语的内容进行解释说明，且主语和表语可以换位。
What I am tired of is waiting here alone.
I knew nothing about the window being open.
我厌烦独自在这里等。 My job is teaching you English. 我的工作是教你们英语。 2．现在分词作表语
作表语的现在分词是形容词性的，表示主语的性质或特征，主语和表语不可换位。 The result of the accident is shocking. 这一事故的后果令人震惊。 The argument is very convincing. 这一论据很有说服力。
单句语法填空 city took on a new look.
1．Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and being_reduced (reduce) to ruins, the 2．I remembered to_lock (lock) the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.
3．The news was shocking (shock)，and there was a frightened (frighten) look on her face.
Section Ⅲ Using Language
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．reveal vt.揭示；显示；露出
2．clarify vt.使更清晰易懂；阐明；澄清
3．educator n．教师；教育工作者；教育家→education n．教育→educate vt.教育 4．tick vt.给(试卷、问题等)打钩号 vi.(钟表)发出嘀嗒声 n．钩号 5．tendency n．趋势；倾向
6．lower vt.把……放低；降低；减少 adj.下面的；下方的；较小的 7．imply vt.意味着；暗示
8．barely adv.几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚 9．chin n．下巴
10．occupy vt.占据；占用→occupation n．职业；占据 11．stare vi.盯着看；凝视 n．凝视 12．ceiling n．天花板；上限 13．distract vt.分散(注意力)；使分心
14．perceive vt.察觉；看待；理解 15．distinguish vi.& vt.区分；辨别
16．anxiety n．焦虑；担心；害怕→anxious adj.焦虑的；担心的 17．chest n．胸部；胸腔 18．embarrassed adj.难堪的；尴尬 19．ashamed adj.羞愧的；惭愧的 20．merely adv.只是；仅仅；只不过
21．bother vi.& vt.费心；麻烦；因……操心 n．麻烦；不便 22．weep vi.& vt.哭泣；流泪 23．conflict n．& vi.矛盾；冲突 24．inquire vi.& vt.询问；打听 25．ultimately adv.最终；最后
26．adjust vt.调整；调节 vi.& vt.适应；(使)习惯→adjustment n．适应；调整 27．intervene vi.干预；介入
28．react vi.(对……)起反应；回应；(对食物等)有不良反应→reaction n．反应；回应 29．component n．组成部分；零件 30．tone n．语气；腔调；口吻 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．make sense有道理；讲得通 2．go on进行；发生
3．at the same time同时；然而 4．in other words换句话说；也就是说
5．call on(短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请 6．at work有某种影响；在工作 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．It_is_as_though they are asleep with_their_eyes_open. 他们好像睁着眼在睡觉。
2．While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled.
尽管学生们何时(对讲课)感兴趣、何时感到无聊或精力不集中是容易察觉的，但要发现学生何时有困扰有时会难得多。
3．Their body language lets me know when_to_adjust_class_activities，when_to_intervene，and_when_to_talk_to_students_individually,_so they can all get the most out of school.
他们的肢体语言让我知道什么时候该调整课堂活动，什么时候该介入，什么时候该单独和学生谈话，这样他们就能从学校里得到最大的收获。
1 reveal vt.揭示；显示；露出
典型例句
The report reveals (that) the company made a loss of ￡20 million last year.
报告显示，公司去年亏损2 000万英镑。 He laughed, revealing a line of white teeth. 他笑了起来，露出一排洁白的牙齿。 思维拓展
reveal sth.to sb.把某事透漏给某人
reveal that...显示……
即时训练
It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed. 2 clarify vt.澄清；阐明；净化vi.澄清；清楚；明白；易懂 典型例句
You can clarify this question if you study British history.
如果你学习英国历史，就能弄清楚这个问题。 思维拓展
clarify one's position/stand 阐明某人的立场
clarify matters 澄清真相 clarification n. 澄清；阐明
The piece of evidence will help to clarify matters. 这条证据将有助于澄清真相。
即时训练
I am seeking clarification of the regulation.I hope this can clarify my position.(clarify) 3 tick vt.给
试卷、问题等打钩号 vi.钟表等发出嘀嗒声
典型例句
The clock ticked away the minutes.
钟表显示时间一分一秒地过去。
思维拓展
tick sb./sth.off 给……画上钩；给……打对号
Tick all the questions off，please. 把所有的问题标出来。
即时训练
I have ticked off the names of the people who have paid. 4 tendency n.倾向；趋势；性情；偏好
典型例句
Measures must be taken to stop this tendency.
必须采取措施来阻止这种倾向。
She showed her musical tendency at an early age. 她从小就显露出音乐偏好。
思维拓展
have a tendency to do sth.有做某事的倾向
You will have a tendency to grow fat. 你有发胖的倾向。
即时训练
The teacher has a tendency(tend) to get off topic；sometimes it is difficult for students to make out what he is saying. 5 occupy vt.
典型例句
(1)占据(时间、空间等)
Family affairs occupy most of her free time. 家庭事务占用了她大部分闲暇时间。
The bed occupied too much room.这床占地方太大了。 (2)(军事)占领
The army occupied the enemy's capital. 军队占领了敌人的首都。 (3)占有(房屋、土地)
They occupy the house next door.他们住在隔壁。 (4)任职
My sister occupies an important position in her firm. 我姐姐在她的公司担任要职。 思维拓展
occupation n．占用；职业；消遣
occupied adj.使用中；忙碌的 be fully occupied忙得不可开交
occupy oneself with sth./in doing sth.忙于……
be occupied with sth./in doing sth.忙于；全神贯注于；从事
即时训练
①Lisa is occupied(occupy) with her enterprise day in and day out and therefore, she has been praised.
②Having retired from business, he now occupies himself with the welfare of the disabled. 6 stare
典型例句
(1)vi.盯着看；凝视
It's rude to stare at others. 盯着别人看是不礼貌的。
He stared at the girl, trying to remember who she was. 他盯着这个女孩，努力想记起她是谁。 (2)n.凝视
She gave him a blank stare. 她面无表情地直视着他。
易混辨析
stare at, glare at, glance at, look at stare at glare at glance at look at “盯着看；凝视”，表示因好奇、惊讶而睁大眼睛看，强调长时间盯着看，有时含有无礼或粗鲁的意味。 “怒视”，表示“凶狠而且带有威胁性地瞪眼睛”的意思。 “瞥见”，强调“匆匆”和“瞥”，表示动作的短暂。 “看着”，无感情色彩，强调动作。 The girl stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. 那个女孩对着那张空白纸凝视了几秒钟。
The teacher glared at the boys when they laughed loudly at class. 当男孩子们在课堂上大笑时，老师怒视着他们。 The man glanced nervously at his watch. 那人紧张地看了一眼手表。
The men all turned to look at her as she entered the room. 她走进房间时，所有男士都转过来朝她看。 即时训练
I stared blankly at the paper in front of me. 7 distract vt.分散注意力；使分心 典型例句
You're distracting me from my work.
你使我不能专心工作。
Don't talk to her—she's very easily distracted. 不要同她讲话——她的注意力很容易分散。
思维拓展
distract sb./sth. (from sth.)使某人/某物从某事中分心；使某人/某物不能专心于某事
distraction n．分散注意力的事；使人分心的事；娱乐；消遣 distracted adj.注意力分散的；思想不集中的
即时训练
Tom admits that playing video games sometimes distracts him from his homework. 8 perceive vt.察觉；看待；理解 典型例句
I perceived a change in his behaviour.
我注意到他举止有些改变。
This discovery was perceived as a major breakthrough. 这一发现被视为一项重大突破。
即时训练
The patient was perceived to_have(have)difficulty in breathing. 9.distinguish vi.& vt.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别 典型例句
Sometimes reality and fantasy are hard to distinguish.
有时候现实和梦幻很难区分。
思维拓展
(1)distinguish oneself 使自己扬名
distinguish between...and...区分/辨别……和……
distinguish...from使……有别于……；使……具有区别于……的特征 distinguish...by...以……为特征
(2)distinguished adj.卓越的；杰出的；著名的 be distinguished for...因……而出名 be distinguished as...作为……而出名 distinguishable adj.可区别的
(3)tell the differences between...把……与……区分开 tell...from...把……与……区分开
She has already distinguished herself as an athlete. 作为运动员她已享有盛名。
You should learn to distinguish between right and wrong. 你应学会明辨是非。
The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other. 这对孪生儿长得很像，没有人能分辨得出哪个是哪个。 He is distinguished for his knowledge of linguistics. 他因语言学的知识而著名。
It was hard to tell the difference between the two versions. 很难分辨出这两个版本有什么区别。 I believe he is able to tell the true from the false. 我相信他能辨别真假。
特别提示
“Chen Yunlin distinguished(distinguishable) himself during the visit to Taiwan，” Wang Yi remarked.
10 anxious adj.忧虑的；不安的；渴望的
典型例句
She was anxious for them all to leave her room.
她渴望他们全都离开她的房间。
We were anxious that everyone (should) know the truth. 我们渴望人人都了解实情。
思维拓展
be anxious for/about(＝be worried/concerned about)为……担心/担忧
be anxious for(＝be eager for/be keen on)渴望…… be anxious(for sb.)to do sth.渴望(某人)做……
be anxious that...渴望……(从句谓语用should do，should可以省略) anxiously adv.焦虑地；不安地 anxiety n．担心；忧虑；渴望 with anxiety焦虑地 anxiety for对……的渴望
anxiety about/over对……的忧虑 anxiety to do sth.对做某事的渴望
即时训练
—I wonder if she will show up at the concert.
—She will.She is only too anxious(anxiety) to watch the famous conductor. 11 embarrassed adj.尴尬的；陷入困境的 典型例句
She is embarrassed about her weight.
她因自己的体重而尴尬。
He felt embarrassed as being the centre of attention. 成为关注的焦点使他觉得尴尬。 易混辨析
embarrassed，embarrassing
embarrassed“尴尬的，陷入困境的”，修饰人。 embarrassing adj.令人难堪的，修饰事物。 I've never felt so embarrassed in my life. 在我的一生中我从未感到如此尴尬。
It can be embarrassing to have a child say what he does not want to. 要一个孩子说他不愿意说的东西令人尴尬。
即时训练
I felt embarrassed(embarrass) when I had to sing songs in front of my classmates. 12 ashamed adj.感到羞愧的，感到羞耻的 典型例句
She was deeply ashamed of her behaviour.
她对自己的行为深感羞愧。
Tom was ashamed that he had lost his temper. 汤姆因自己发脾气感到内疚。 思维拓展
be ashamed of...因……而感到羞愧be ashamed that...对……感到惭愧
be ashamed to do sth.耻于干某事；不情愿干某事
shame n．羞耻；惭愧；遗憾的事 shameful adj.可耻的，不体面的 shameless adj.不知羞耻的 即时训练
ashamed，shameful ashamed shameful 即时训练 指人“感到羞耻的”，只作表语 指行为等“可耻的”，可作定语或表语 I'm ashamed of your words.我为你的话感到羞愧。 It's shameful to lie. 撒谎是可耻的。 That is a shameful(shame) conduct.I feel ashamed(shame) of what he's done. 13 merely adv.仅仅；只是；只不过
典型例句
They are not merely content with filling the stomach.
他们不仅仅满足于填饱肚子。
You can't blame me for that because I merely want to find out the truth. 你不能为那件事情责怪我，因为我只不过想搞清楚事情真相。 思维拓展
mere adj.仅仅的
It took her a mere 20 minutes to win. 她只花了20分钟就赢了。
即时训练
It is not merely(mere) a job, but a way of life. 14 bother
典型例句
(1)vt.打扰；烦扰
I don't want to bother you with my problems. 我不想因为我的问题而打扰你。 (2)vi.费心；操心；麻烦 —Shall I help you? ——我可以帮你吗？ —Don't bother.I'll do it later.
——不用费心了，我一会儿自己做。
(3)n.(不可数名词)麻烦；(可数名词)令人麻烦的事；引起麻烦的人 Tom is a bother to his teacher. 汤姆使他老师大伤脑筋。 思维拓展
bother to do sth.费心去做某事
bother about sth.为某事烦恼 bother sb.with sth.为某事麻烦某人
be sorry to bother you, but...很抱歉打扰你一下，但是…… put sb.to any bother 给某人添乱 without any bother 毫不费力地 It bothers sb.that/to do sth. 使某人苦恼的是……
I didn't want to put you to any bother. 我不想给你添乱。
易混辨析
bother，disturb，trouble，annoy
这组词都表示“使人不得安宁”或“心烦意乱”。
(1)bother 指干扰别人的正常生活和工作而使之不太安宁，可能是故意的，含有使人讨厌
的意味。
(2)disturb 指使人失去正常秩序而一时得不到安宁，精力不能集中，语气比 bother 弱。 (3)trouble 常指在心情上失去平静而感到忧虑、苦恼或行动上带来不便，也常用于礼貌的要求。
(4)annoy 通常指重复性的行为使(别人)生气。常用被动，表示为某事烦恼、生气。 What's troubling you—money problems? 什么事令你忧虑不安——经济问题吗？ These flies are annoying me. 这些苍蝇一直在烦我。
即时训练
It's not worth bothering with an umbrella—the car's just outside. 15 weep vi. &vt. 哭泣；流泪 n. 哭；哭泣
典型例句
Laugh, and the world laughs with you; weep, and you weep alone.
(谚)欢笑，整个世界伴你欢笑；哭泣，只有你独自向隅而泣。 思维拓展
weep for/with sth.因为某事而哭泣
weep to do sth.因为做某事而怆然泪下
即时训练
Dr.Tom said the health care decision made him weep(weep) for his country. 16 conflict n.[U，C]矛盾；冲突vi.冲突；抵触
典型例句
Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.
令人庆幸的是，当苏格兰的詹姆斯国王也成为英格兰和威尔士的国王时并未经过战争。 The conflict in the Middle East has lasted decades. 中东地区的冲突已经持续几十年了。
The two stories conflicted, so I did not know which to believe. 两种描述互相冲突，我不知道相信哪一个。 思维拓展
conflict over sth.在某事上的矛盾/冲突
conflict between A and B A与B之间的矛盾/冲突 in conflict (with...)(与……)处于矛盾之中 come into conflict (with...)(与……)发生争执 Union leaders are again in conflict with management. 工会领导人又一次与管理层发生冲突。
即时训练
We found that these results conflicted(conflict) with earlier findings. 17 adjust vt.使适应；调整；校准
典型例句
It took a few seconds for her eyes to adjust to the darkness.
花了几秒钟时间她的眼睛才适应了黑暗(的环境)。 The gentleman adjusted his tie in front of a mirror. 这位绅士在镜子前调整了一下领带。 思维拓展
adjust sth.to sth.else调整……以适应……
adjust to (doing) sth.适应于……(其中to为介词) adjust oneself to使自己适应于…… adjustable adj.可调整的，可调节的 adjustable seat belts可调节的座椅安全带 adjustment n．调整，调节，适应 make an adjustment做出调整
即时训练
If the chair is too high, you can adjust it to suit you. 18 react vi.作出反应；回应
典型例句
How did Wilson react to your idea?
威尔逊对你的想法有什么反应？
Iron reacts with water and air to produce rust. 铁与水、空气起化学反应而生成锈。
Will young people react strongly against tax increases? 年轻人会强烈反对增税吗？ 思维拓展
reaction n．[C，U]反应；[U]反动
react to对……作出反应 react with与……起化学反应 react against反对；反抗 react by以……方式作出反应
Local residents have reacted angrily to the news. 当地居民对这一消息表示愤怒。
He reacted strongly against the artistic conventions of his time. 他强烈反对当时的艺术俗套。
即时训练
①When the sun comes out, the flowers react byopening wide.
②He didn't react to this provocation. ③The boy often reacts against his parents.
考点集训一
1．He said nothing, merely(mere) smiled and watched her. 2．She crouched in the dark, too frightened to reveal herself(she)． 3．She looked at them with dark staring(stare)eyes. 4．The film managed to distract me from these problems for a while. 5．She did not perceive herself as disabled. 6．I don't know why you bother with that crowd. 7．You don't sound too bothered(bother)about it. 8．Her main occupation(occupy)seems to be shopping. 9．While we waited, the taxi's meter kept ticking(tick)away. 10．I have a tendency(tend) to talk too much when I'm nervous.
1 go on 进行；发生
典型例句
While this conversation was going on, I was listening with earnest attention.
这场对话进行的时候，我聚精会神地听着。
思维拓展
go on继续(做)；(时间)流逝，过去；(做完某事后)进而接着(做另一件事)；赶紧，来吧(用于劝说或鼓励别人)
go over 复习 go out出去；熄灭 go against违背；违反 go up上涨；上升
go ahead 前进；干吧；说吧 go without 没有……也可应付；将就
go through经历；经受；完成；通过；检查；用完 即时训练
①Unemployment is likely to go on rising this year.
②Renewable energy will become progressively more important as time goes on. 2 at the same time同时；然而
典型例句
I was afraid of her, but at the same time I really liked her.
我害怕她，但同时也确实喜欢她。
This boy is lazy; at the same time he is very clever. 这孩子懒惰，不过很聪明。 思维拓展
in time 及时；终于；迟早
in time (for/to do)及时 on time准时
in no time立刻；马上 at no time绝不 at a time一次
at one time曾经；一度 at times有时
take one's time别着急；慢慢来 kill time消磨时间
Can I borrow two books at a time? 我可以一次借两本书吗？ We were just in time for the bus. 我们刚好赶上那班公共汽车。
即时训练
①We can't hold the two meetings at the same time; we must stagger them.
②Speak one at a time.Don't make such a row. 3 in other words换句话说，也就是说
典型例句
I'm not used to the way you speak to me.In other words, I don't want to continue our conversation.
我不习惯你对我说话的方式。也就是说，我不想继续我们的谈话了。 思维拓展
beyond words无法用言语形容
in a/one word总而言之 leave word留言
eat one's words承认说错了话，收回前言 in words用语言(来表达) in word在口头上 break one's word食言
have a word with sb.和某人谈谈 have words with sb.和某人吵嘴 word for word逐词地；原原本本地 get in a word插话
have the last word作最后决定，有决定权
即时训练
We're all ready to put it into operation；in other words，we're going to take action as soon as possible. 4.call on
短暂地访问；要求某人讲话等；正式邀请
典型例句
One of Kenya's leading churchmen has called on the government to resign.
肯尼亚一位高级宗教人士要求政府下台。 Sofia was intending to call on Miss Kitts. 索菲娅打算去拜访基茨小姐。 思维拓展
call up召唤；使回忆起；给……打电话
call off取消
call for 要求；需要；去接(某人)；去取(某物) call in 邀请；请来 call at拜访(地点)
Do you think we should call at Bob's while we are in London? 你认为我们在伦敦时应该去鲍勃家拜访吗？
The sound of happy laughter called up memory of his childhood. 这欢笑声使他回忆起童年时代的情景。 即时训练
①I'm going to call on one of my former classmates.
②Since the weather is bad, let's call off off the trip. 5 at work有某种影响；在工作
典型例句
She suspected that secret influences were at work.
她怀疑有些秘密势力在作祟。 He is still at work on the painting. 他仍在忙着画那幅画。
思维拓展
get (down) to/ set to work开始，着手工作
in the works 在讨论(或计划、筹备)中；在酝酿中 out of work失业
before/after work上班前/下班后
即时训练
The report suggested that the same trend was at work in politics.
考点集训二
1．Alliss retired from golf in 1969 and went on to become a successful broadcaster.
2．The mobile library services have been reorganised—in other words, they visit fewer places. 3．At one time the schools were mainly attached to the church.
4．They flew there in order that they might be in time to_attend(attend)the opening ceremony. 5．She asked him to call at Brown's hotel to see her daughter.
It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open.1. 他们好像睁着眼在睡觉。句式分析
(1)本句是主从复合句，as though “好像”引导的是表语从句，从句用了陈述语气。 as though/as if 可引导方式状语从句和表语从句。as if/as though 引导的从句常有以下三种情况：
①若as if/as though 引导的从句中的内容是可能发生的或可能符合真实的情况，从句一
般用陈述语气。
②若as if/as though 引导的从句中的内容为非真实情况，从句通常用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词的形式为：
表示与现在事实相反→一般过去式
表示与过去事实相反→had＋过去分词表示将来的可能性不大→would/might/could＋动词原形It sounds as though it is raining. 听起来似乎在下雨。(陈述语气)
He treats his elder sister as though she were a stranger. 他待他姐姐如陌生人。(虚拟语气) You look as though you'd seen a ghost. 你好像是见了鬼似的。(虚拟语气)
He paused as though(he was)expecting me to speak. 他停了一下好像在等我说话。
(2)with their eyes open是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，在句中作状语。with复合结构在句中可以作状语，表示原因、条件、伴随等。此外，该结构还可以作后置定语。
with复合结构的构成： ①with＋宾语＋介词短语
He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他头枕在胳膊上睡着了。
②with＋宾语＋过去分词(宾语与宾补之间是被动关系) All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门工作。 He lay in bed with his head covered. 他盖着头躺在床上。
③with＋宾语＋现在分词(宾语与宾补之间是主动关系) With winter coming on, it's time to buy warm clothes. 冬天来了，是买暖和衣服的时候了。
④with＋宾语＋不定式(不定式作宾补有“将来”的含义) I can't go out with all these dishes to wash. 我不能丢下这些要洗的碟子就出去。 ⑤with＋宾语＋形容词/副词 With John away, we've got more room. 约翰不在，我们有更多空间了。
即时训练
①It seems as though/if everyone else has finished their homework.
②Don't handle the vase as though it were(be) made of steel.
③With the boy leading (lead) the way, I had no difficulty finding your house. ④With his homework finished(finish), he went out to play football.
③当从句主语同主句主语一致，且从句谓语动词是be时，从句主语和be可省略。
⑤With his horse tied (tie) to a tree, he had a rest in the shade.
2.While it is easy to perceive when students are interested， bored， or distracted， it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled.
尽管学生们何时对讲课感兴趣、何时感到无聊或精力不集中是容易察觉的，但要发现学生何时有困扰有时会难得多。 句式分析
本句是主从复合句。句中连词while表示让步关系，意为“虽然；尽管”，相当于 though、 although。
While I like Ronald personally，I do not approve of what he has done this time. 尽管我自己喜欢罗纳尔德，但我并不支持他这次所做的事。 while作连词时的用法：
①作从属连词，意为“当……时”，引导时间状语从句，从 句谓语为延续性动词；
②作从属连词，意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，从句常 位于句首；
③作并列连词，意为“而，却”，常位于句首或句中，表示 前后两种情况的对比。
While she was listening to the radio, she fell asleep. 她听着收音机睡着了。(时间状语从句) While I agree with your reasons, I can't allow it.
尽管我同意你的理由，但我不能允许这样做。(让步状语从句) I went swimming while the others played tennis. 我去游泳，而其余的人则去打网球了。(并列连词)
即时训练
①While I was waiting at the bus stop, three buses went by in the opposite direction.
②You can go swimming while I'm having lunch. ③While I admit he is not perfect，I still like him.
3.Their body language lets me know when to adjust class activities， when to intervene， and when to talk to students individually， so they can all get the most out of school.
他们的肢体语言让我知道什么时候该调整课堂活动，什么时候该介入，什么时候该单独和学生谈话，这样他们就能从学校里得到最大的收获。 句式分析
本句中包含“特殊疑问词/whether＋不定式”结构。该结构用法浅析： ①特殊疑问词常用的有：who，what, which, how, when, where 等。
②在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。注意：作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。 ③通常用在tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, discuss 等动词后作宾语。 ④相当于一个名词性从句，所以常常可以用相应的从句来替换。 I don't know how to explain it to my parents. 我不知道该如何向父母解释这件事。(作宾语) When to start(＝When we shall start)has not been decided.
何时动身尚未决定。(作主语)
The problem is where to put this computer. 问题是该把这台计算机放在哪儿。(作表语) 即时训练
I don't know whether to_accept(accept) her gift or not.
考点集训三
1．When a pencil is put into a glass of water, it looks as if it were(be) broken. 2．While Tom's very good at science, his brother is absolutely hopeless. 3．While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available. 4．When and where to_have(have) the meeting hasn't been decided yet. 5．I have worked in a kindergarten so I know what to_expect(expect) in the job.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The clock in the kitchen had a noisy tick(发出嘀嗒声)． 2．She perceived(意识到)that all was not well. 3．Don't speak to me in that tone(口吻)of voice.
4．Sorry to bother(打扰)you, but there's a call for you on line two. 5．Officers could not reveal(透露)how he died.
6．Trust is a vital component(组成部分)in any relationship. 7．He sat staring(凝视)into space.
8．I'm merely(仅仅)stating what everybody knows anyway. 9．The President intervened(干预)personally in the crisis. 10. “Is something wrong？” he enquired(询问)． Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．In the silence we could hear the clock ticking(tick)．
2．They agreed to go merely(mere) because they were getting paid for it. 3．Details of the murder were revealed(reveal)by the local paper. 4．They were widely perceived to_have(have)been unlucky. 5．Don't let yourself be_distracted(distract)by fashionable theories. 6．He didn't even bother to_let(let)me know he was coming. 7．Local residents have reacted angrily to the news. 8．Adjust your language to the age of your audience. 9．Parents are naturally anxious for their children. 10．Only half her time is_occupied(occupy)with politics.
Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．interaction n．交流；相互影响
interaction between sb./sth.＝interaction with sb./sth.与……的交流；与……相互影响 interact vi.交流；相互影响
interact with sb.与某人交流；与某人沟通 interact with sth.与……相互影响 2．appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的 be appropriate for/to对……合适
It is appropriate for sb.to do sth.适合某人做某事 It is appropriate(that)……是合适的 3．approve vt.赞成；认可；批准vi.赞同 approve of sth.赞成；同意
approve of sb./sb.'s doing sth.赞成某人做某事 approval n．[U]赞成；批准
4．demonstrate vt.表达；表现；证实；说明 demonstrate sth.表现……；表达……
demonstrate sth.to sb.向某人证明……；向某人表达…… demonstrate sth.to be...证明某事…… demonstrate that...证明……
It has been demonstrated that ...已经证明…… demonstrate against...示威反对……
demonstration n. 集会示威；游行示威；示范；演示；证明；说明 5．witness vt.当场看到，目击；见证 n．目击者，证人 be (a) witness to sth.目击某事
appear as (a) witness for sb.出庭为某人作证 bear/give witness (to sth.)(为……)作证 6．employ vt. 雇用；利用(时间、精力等) employ sb.to do... 雇用某人做……
employ sb.as... 雇用某人为……；聘请某人担任…… be employed in doing sth.从事于；忙于做某事 employer n．雇主 employee n．雇工
7．interpret vt.把……理解(解释)为 vt.& vi.口译 vt.诠释；演绎(按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色)
interpret ...as...把……理解(解释)为 interpret sth.for sb.为某人口头翻译 interpret ...into...把……解释成……
interpretation n．理解；解释；演绎；演奏方式；表演方式 interpreter n．口译工作者；口译译员 8．differ vi.不同；相异
(1)different adj.不同的；有差别的
be different from...in...在……方面与……不同 (2)difference n．区别；差异
tell the difference between A and B 说出A与B的区别
make a/no/some/...difference (to)有/没有/有一些……关系/作用/影响 make all the difference 关系重大；大不相同
9．favour(＝favor) n. 喜爱，偏爱；恩惠，帮助；赞同，支持 vt. 较喜欢，选择；有助于，有利于；偏爱
in favour of...支持/赞成……，为有利于…… in sb.'s favour 对某人有利，有助于某人 do sb. a favour＝do a favour for sb. 帮某人的忙 ask sb. for a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 请求某人帮忙 favourable adj. 赞同的，有利的 favoured adj. 受到宠爱的，得到偏爱的
favourite adj.特别喜欢的 n. 特别喜欢的人/事物
10．bow vi 鞠躬，点头 vt. 低(头)，俯(首) vi.& vt. (使)弯曲 n. [C]鞠躬；弓；蝴蝶结 bow to/before sb. 向某人鞠躬
bow low (to/before sb.) (向某人)深深地鞠一躬 bow down (to/before sb.) (向某人)鞠躬 11．reliable adj. 可信赖的；可靠的
rely on/upon＝depend on/upon 依靠；信任；信赖 rely on it that...相信…… 12．trial n．审判；审讯；试验 be on trial在受审；在试验中 stand trial for...因……而受审 make a trial进行试验
13．slightly adv. 略微；轻微地 slight adj. 轻微的；微小的 14．assess vt.评估；评定
assess sth.at＋钱 估算/评估某物为多少钱 assess sth./sb.(as sth./sb.)评定/评价(为……) assess＋从句 评定/评估…… assessor n．评审员/估价员 assessment n．评价/评定 make an assessment of评估/评价
15．pose vt.造成(威胁、问题等) vi.摆好姿势 vi.佯装；冒充；假扮
pose a threat/challenge/danger/risk 构成威胁/挑战/危险/风险 pose as sb.冒充某人
pose (for sb./sth.) (为画像、摄影)摆好姿势 strike a pose/an attitude摆出某种姿态 16．reveal vt.揭示；显示；露出 reveal sth.to sb.把某事透漏给某人 reveal that...显示……
17．clarify vt.澄清；阐明；净化vi.澄清；清楚；明白；易懂 clarify one's position/stand阐明某人的立场 clarify matters澄清真相 clarification n．澄清；阐明
18．tick vt.给(试卷、问题等)打钩号 vi.(钟表等)发出嘀嗒声 tick sb./sth.off 给……画上钩；给……打对号 19．tendency n．倾向；趋势；性情；偏好 have a tendency to do sth.有做某事的倾向 20．occupy vt.占据；占用 occupation n．占用；职业；消遣 occupied adj.使用中；忙碌的 be fully occupied忙得不可开交
occupy oneself with sth./in doing sth.忙于……
be occupied with sth./in doing sth.忙于；全神贯注于；从事 21．stare vi.盯着看；凝视 n．凝视 22．distract vt.分散(注意力)；使分心
distract sb./sth. (from sth.)使某人/某物从某事中分心；使某人/某物不能专心于某事 distraction n．分散注意力的事；使人分心的事；娱乐；消遣 distracted adj.注意力分散的；思想不集中的 23．perceive vt.察觉；看待；理解
24．distinguish vi.& vt.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别 distinguish oneself 使自己扬名
distinguish between...and...区分/辨别……和……
distinguish...from使……有别于……；使……具有区别于……的特征 distinguish...by...以……为特征
distinguished adj.卓越的；杰出的；著名的 be distinguished for...因……而出名 be distinguished as...作为……而出名 distinguishable adj.可区别的
tell the differences between...把……与……区分开 tell...from...把……与……区分开
25．anxious adj.忧虑的；不安的；渴望的
be anxious for/about(＝be worried/concerned about)为……担心/担忧 be anxious for(＝be eager for/be keen on)渴望…… be anxious(for sb.)to do sth.渴望(某人)做……
be anxious that...渴望……(从句谓语用should do，should可以省略) anxiously adv.焦虑地；不安地 anxiety n．担心；忧虑；渴望 with anxiety焦虑地 anxiety for对……的渴望 anxiety about/over对……的忧虑 anxiety to do sth.对做某事的渴望 26．embarrassed adj.尴尬的；陷入困境的 embarrassing adj.令人难堪的
27．ashamed adj.感到羞愧的，感到羞耻的
be ashamed of...因……而感到羞愧be ashamed that...对……感到惭愧
be ashamed to do sth.耻于干某事；不情愿干某事
shame n．羞耻；惭愧；遗憾的事 shameful adj.可耻的，不体面的 shameless adj.不知羞耻的
28．merely adv.仅仅；只是；只不过 mere adj.仅仅的
29．bother vt.& vi.打扰；费心；麻烦；因……操心 n．麻烦；不便 bother to do sth.费心去做某事 bother about sth.为某事烦恼 bother sb.with sth.为某事麻烦某人
be sorry to bother you, but...很抱歉打扰你一下，但是…… put sb.to any bother 给某人添乱 without any bother 毫不费力地
It bothers sb.that/to do sth.使某人苦恼的是…… 30．weep vi.& vt. 哭泣；流泪 n. 哭；哭泣 weep for/with sth.因为某事而哭泣 weep to do sth.因为做某事而怆然泪下
31．conflict n．[U，C]矛盾；冲突 vi.冲突；抵触 conflict over sth.在某事上的矛盾/冲突
conflict between A and B A与B之间的矛盾/冲突 in conflict (with...)(与……)处于矛盾之中 come into conflict (with...)(与……)发生争执 32．adjust vt.(使)适应；调整；校准 adjust sth.to sth.else调整……以适应……
adjust to (doing) sth.适应于……(其中to为介词) adjust oneself to使自己适应于…… adjustable adj.可调整的，可调节的 adjustable seat belts可调节的座椅安全带 adjustment n．调整，调节，适应 make an adjustment做出调整 33．react vi.作出反应；回应 reaction n．[C，U]反应；[U]反动 react to对……作出反应 react with与……起化学反应 react against反对；反抗 react by以……方式作出反应 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．vary from...to... 由……到……不等，从……到……变化 vary in sth.在某方面不同/有差异 vary with随……变化/改变
vary between...and...从……到……不等 various adj.各种各样的；多姿多彩的 varied adj.各种各样的；变化的 variety n．不同种类；多样化 a variety of＝varieties of种种
2．figure out弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白；计算(数量或成本) figure on计划；打算；预料到 it/that figures有道理；合乎情理 watch one's figure注意保持体形
3．break down (机器)出故障，(车辆)抛锚，损坏；(身体)垮掉；(谈判等)失败，破裂 4．in favour of 赞同；支持；赞成 be in/out of favour (with sb.)
＝be in/out of sb.'s favour 得到/失去某人的尊重、赞同等 in sb.'s favour 对某人有利
do sb.a favour＝do a favour for sb.帮某人忙 owe sb.a favour 欠某人一个人情 favourable adj.喜爱的；赞同的 in search of 寻找 in need of 需要 in place of 代替 in memory of 为了纪念 in case of 万一
in terms of 就……而言；在……方面
in possession of 占有 in charge of 主管；负责 in praise of 赞扬；表扬 in view of 鉴于；考虑到
5．get through 设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；(设法)做完；通过；度过 get across 被理解；使人了解
get down to 认真地静下心(工作)(to 为介词) get over 克服 get on 进展；进步 get in 收获
get around/round 到处走动；传播出去 go through 检查；经历
pass through 从……中穿过；走过……中 look through 浏览；仔细查看 see through 看穿；识破
live through 活过(一段时间)；经过……后仍然活着 break through 突破(障碍)
6．straighten up直起来；整理；收拾整齐
straighten out(使)变直；(使)变正；理清，整顿(混乱的局面) straight away立刻；马上 7．go on 进行；发生
go on继续(做)；(时间)流逝，过去；(做完某事后)进而接着(做另一件事)；赶紧，来吧(用于劝说或鼓励别人)
go over 复习 go out出去；熄灭 go against违背；违反 go up上涨；上升
go ahead 前进；干吧；说吧 go without 没有……也可应付；将就
go through经历；经受；完成；通过；检查；用完 8．at the same time同时；然而 in time 及时；终于；迟早 in time (for/to do)及时 on time准时
in no time立刻；马上 at no time绝不 at a time一次 at one time曾经；一度 at times有时
take one's time别着急；慢慢来 kill time消磨时间
9．in other words换句话说，也就是说 beyond words无法用言语形容 in a/one word总而言之 leave word留言
eat one's words承认说错了话，收回前言 in words用语言(来表达) in word在口头上 break one's word食言
have a word with sb.和某人谈谈 have words with sb.和某人吵嘴 word for word逐词地；原原本本地 get in a word插话
have the last word作最后决定，有决定权
10．call on(短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请 call up召唤；使回忆起；给……打电话 call off取消
call for 要求；需要；去接(某人)；去取(某物) call in 邀请；请来 call at拜访(地点)
11．at work有某种影响；在工作 get (down) to/ set to work开始，着手工作 in the works 在讨论(或计划、筹备)中；在酝酿中 out of work失业
before/after work上班前/下班后 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．We can learn a lot about what people are thinking by_watching_their_body_language. 通过观察人们的肢体语言，我们可以了解他们在想什么。 by doing表示方式，意为“凭借；通过”。
2．In countries like France and Russia, people may kiss_their_friends_on_the_cheek when they meet.
在法国和俄罗斯这样的国家，人们见面时可能会亲吻朋友的脸颊。
kiss their friends on the cheek 属于“动词＋sb.＋in/on/by＋the＋身体部位”结构，该结构用来表示接触某人身体的某一部位。
3．Can you describe a situation where you might smile when you don't mean it? 你能描述一个当你不是真心的时候你可能会微笑的情况吗？
当先行词为抽象地点名词case, situation, position, atmosphere, stage, activity, family和point等且关系词在从句中作状语时，常用where或in which来引导定语从句。
4．It is as_though they are asleep with_their_eyes_open. 他们好像睁着眼在睡觉。
(1)本句是主从复合句，as though “好像”引导的是表语从句，从句用了陈述语气。 as though/as if 可引导方式状语从句和表语从句。as if/as though 引导的从句常有以下三种情况：
①若as if/as though 引导的从句中的内容是可能发生的或可能符合真实的情况，从句一般用陈述语气。
②若as if/as though 引导的从句中的内容为非真实情况，从句通常用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词的形式为：
表示与现在事实相反→一般过去时
表示与过去事实相反→had＋过去分词表示将来的可能性不大→would/might/could＋动词原形
③当从句主语同主句主语一致，且从句谓语动词是be时，从句主语和be可省略。 (2)with their eyes open是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，在句中作状语。with复合结构在句中可以作状语，表示原因、条件、伴随等。此外，该结构可以作后置定语。
with复合结构的构成： ①with＋宾语＋介词短语 ②with＋宾语＋过去分词 ③with＋宾语＋现在分词 ④with＋宾语＋不定式 ⑤with＋宾语＋形容词/副词
5．While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted，it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled.
尽管学生们何时(对讲课)感兴趣、何时感到无聊或精力不集中是容易察觉的，但要发现学生何时有困扰有时会难得多。
本句是主从复合句。句中连词while表示让步关系，意为“虽然；尽管”，相当于 though、 although。
while作连词时的用法：
①作从属连词，意为“当……时”，引导时间状语从句，从句谓语为延续性动词； ②作从属连词，意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，从句常位于句首；
③作并列连词，意为“而，却”，常位于句首或句中，表示前后两种情况的对比。 6．Their body language lets me know
when_to_adjust_class_activities,_when_to_intervene,_and_when_to_talk_to_students_individually,_so they can all get the most out of school.
他们的肢体语言让我知道什么时候该调整课堂活动，什么时候该介入，什么时候该单独和学生谈话，这样他们就能从学校里得到最大的收获。
本句中包含“特殊疑问词/whether＋不定式”结构。该结构用法浅析： ①特殊疑问词常用的有：who，what, which, how, when, where 等。
②在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。注意：作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
③通常用在tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, discuss 等动词后作宾语。 ④相当于一个名词性从句，所以常常可以用相应的从句来替换。
写作技巧点拨
说明文
假设你是李华，你的英国朋友罗伯特(Robert)准备来中国学习，因此想了解一些中国的肢体语言。请你用英语给他写封邮件，介绍一些日常的肢体语言。
注意：
1．词数80左右；
2．信的开头和落款已为你写好(不计入总词数)。 Dear Robert，
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
Yours， Li Hua
一、构思谋篇
本题考查话题类作文。首先要认真审题，其次要确定时态，表示客观事实，所以这篇文章要使用一般现在时。在写作过程中，上下文意思要连贯，符合逻辑关系，一定要契合题目所给出的信息，不要出现偏题问题。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有文采。正确使用写信的格式，词数控制在80左右。
二、关键词语
1．挥手 wave hands 2．握手 shake hands 3．迎客 greet guests 4．拍手 clap hands 5．鞠躬 bow to 三、连词成句
1．我们通常和客人握手迎接他们。
We usually greet our guests by shaking hands with them. 2．当你被介绍给一群中国人时，他们可能会拍手欢迎你。
When you are introduced to a Chinese group, they may greet you by clapping their hands. 3．如果一个人做了很了不起的事情，人们会对他竖大拇指表扬他。 People will hold their thumbs up to praise a person if he does something great.
四、连句成篇 Dear_Robert，
In China, we wave our hands to say “hello” or “goodbye”．We usually greet our guests by shaking hands with them.Some people may nod and smile instead of shaking hands.When you are introduced to a Chinese group, they may greet you by clapping their hands.
Like in many other countries, we nod our heads to say “yes” and shake our heads to say “no”．People will hold their thumbs up to praise a person if he does something great.Sometimes, we bow to show great respect and thanks to others.
I hope this information will be helpful to you.
Yours， Li_Hua
本单元写作属于说明文。说明文是陈述客观事实，谓语动词通常用一般现在时态。写作时首先要抓住中心，分清主次；其次，列全要点，扩编句子；最后，布局谋篇，连段成文。写作过程中还应注意以下几点：
1．科学性。介绍事物或解说事理必须揭示其基本特征。做到概念准确，判断恰当，分类清楚。
2．客观性。写说明文时，要按照事物的本来面目如实地加以介绍、说明和解释，不能带有个人愿望或主观倾向。
3．知识性。说明文以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁的语言介绍事物或阐明事理，使人们获得关于某一事物的知识和道理。
4．解说性。说明文的目的就是在于把事物、现象或道理解释、介绍清楚，让读者明白。
Unit 5 Working The Land
Honor the “Father of Hybrid Rice” Yuan Longping
As the old Chinese saying goes, “Humanity's most fundamental relationship is with what we eat.”Although food has played an important part in Chinese culture for years, hunger had been a huge problem in the country until the 1970s.However, the Chinese scientist Yuan Longping helped to fix this problem.
On Sept 8,2018 Yuan, together with two other scientists, won China's 2018 Future Science Prize, for his continuous research on rice.Even on his 88th birthday on Sept 7, he took part in the International Development Forum of Rice Production in Hunan province.Although he was recovering from an illness at the time, he was happy to talk to reporters about his latest work with seawater rice.
Yuan has been conducting research on rice since he was at college.In 1964, he discovered a natural hybrid rice plant.Since then, he has focused on developing high-yield, hybrid rice
varieties.These varieties now account for about two thirds of China's rice crop, according to China News.So, it's no wonder that he's known as the “Father of Hybrid Rice”．
And thanks to China's Belt and Road Initiative, Yuan's hybrid rice is helping to solve food problems around the world.Indeed, according to Xinhua News Agency, hybrid rice plants in Kenya produce four to five times more rice than the country's regular rice plants.
With a rising reputation around the world, Yuan delivered a speech in English at the 9th Shandong High-Level Talents Forum in Qingdao in 2017.
The humble Yuan was simply being modest during his speech.According to a 1999 article by CNN, the scientist speaks both English and Russian fluently.“I never need an interpreter when I go overseas，” he told the US news network.
But in spite of his great knowledge, Yuan understands that even the wisest people should still be open to learning new things.“The farmers of our country possess rich experience in planting rice，” he told Xinhua.“We should learn from them.”
开启快乐学习之旅
致敬“杂交水稻之父”袁隆平
中国古语有云：“民以食为天。”尽管美食向来都是中国文化的重要组成部分，但在20世纪70年代以前，饥荒曾一直是我国的一大问题。而中国科学家袁隆平则致力于解决这一问题。
2018年9月8日，袁隆平与另外两名科学家获得我国2018未来科学奖，以表彰其对水稻从未止步的研究。而在9月7日袁隆平88岁的生日当天，他还参加了在湖南省举行的国际稻作发展论坛。尽管当时他大病初愈，但他很乐于与记者们谈论自己关于“海水稻”的最新成果。
袁隆平在大学时代便展开了水稻研究。1964年，他找到了一株“天然杂交水稻”。从那时
起，他便专注于培育高产的杂交水稻品种。据中国新闻网报道，这些品种如今占我国水稻作物的2/3。所以，袁隆平被称为“杂交水稻之父”也就不足为奇了。
得益于我国“一带一路”倡议，袁隆平的杂交水稻能帮助全球解决粮食问题。的确，据新华社报道，在肯尼亚种植的杂交水稻优良品种，平均产量是当地常规品种的4至5倍。
2017年，国际名望不断提高的袁隆平在青岛举行的第九届山东高层次人才论坛上做了一次英文演讲。
袁隆平为人谦逊，在演讲中表现得很谦虚。据CNN1999年的一篇文章报道，这位科学家能说一口流利的英语和俄语。“我出国时从来不需要翻译，”他在接受这家美国新闻媒体网站采访时表示。
尽管袁隆平学识渊博，但他深知，就算是最聪明的人也应该对学习新事物抱有一种开放的心态。“我国农民的种稻经验相当丰富，”他在接受新华社采访时表示。“我们应当向他们学习。”
模块核心素养导航
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．hybrid n．杂交植(动)物；合成物；混合动力车
2．devote vt.把……献(给)；把……专用于；专心于→devotion n．献身，奉献；忠诚；信仰，祈祷；热爱→devoted adj.献身的；忠诚的
3．shortage n．不足；缺少；短缺→short adj.不足的；缺少的；短缺的 4．tackle vt.解決(难题)；应付(局面)；处理 5．crisis n．危机；危急关头→crises(pl.)
6．boost vt.使增长；使兴旺 n．增长；提高；激励
7．yield n．产量；产出 vt.出产(作物)；产生(收益、效益等) vi.屈服；让步 8．convince vt.使相信；使确信；说服→convincing adj.令人相信的；有说服力的；令人心悦诚服的
9．characteristic n．特征；特点；品质 adj.典型的；独特的→character vt.使具有特征 n．性格；特点；字母；角色
10．attain vt.(通常经过努力)获得；得到
11．conventional adj.传统的；习惯的
12．pollinate vt.授粉；传粉→pollination n．授粉；传粉
13．assumption n．假定；设定；(责任的)承担；(权利的)获得→assume v．假定；设定 14．intense adj.热切的；十分强烈的；激烈的
15．overcome vt.(overcame，overcome)克服；解决；战胜
16．expand vt.& vi.扩大；增加 vt.扩展；发展(业务) →expansion n．扩展；发展；扩大 17．output n．产量；输出；输出量 vt.(output，output)输出 18．estimate vt.估计；估价；估算 n．估计；估算 19．domestic adj.本国的；国内的；家用的
20．consumption n．消耗；消耗量；消费→consume vt.消耗；消费→consumer n．消费者
21．comprise vt.包括；包含；由……组成 22．generate vt.产生；引起
23．strain n．(动、植物的)系；品种；拉伤；压力 24．leisure n．闲暇；休闲；空闲 25．soil n．泥土；土壤；国土；领土 26．celebrity n．名望；名誉；名人；名流
27．envision vt.展望；想象→vision n．想象；视力；视野；影像 28．grain n．谷物；谷粒；颗粒
29．reality n．现实；实际情况；事实→real adj.真的；真实的→really adv.真正地 30．salty adj.含盐的；咸的→salt n．盐 31．urban adj.城市的；都市的；城镇的 32．bomb n．炸弹 vt.轰炸；对……投炸弹 33．tunnel n．地下通道；地道；隧道
34．extension n．扩建部分；扩大；电话分机→extend vt.延伸；扩大；推广 vi.延伸；扩大；伸展
35．chemical adj.与化学有关的；化学的 n．化学制品；化学品 36．wheat n．小麦；小麦籽 37．flavour n．味道；特点；特色 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．fulfill/realize one's dreams实现某人的梦想 2．care for 照顾；关心；喜欢 3．be known as作为……而出名
4．devote...to把……用于；献身；致力；专心 5．be comprised of包括；包含；由……组成(或构成) 6．both...and...两者都 7．far from远非；绝不
8．deep down在内心深处；本质上；实际上
9．at heart内心里； 本质上；十分关心(某人的利益或福祉)
10．at home and abroad国内外
11．open up将(瓶、盒等)开封；拆开(包裹、信封等)；开放(被封的道路、边界等)；(使)(地方、经济、兴趣领域等)开放；敞开心扉
12．take on承担，接受(尤指艰巨工作或重大责任)；呈现，显出(新面貌或新特点) 13．turn into变成 14．up to多达；胜任 15．make use of利用
16．meet one's demands满足某人的需要 17．adapt to适应 18．now that既然
19．make up one's mind下定决心 20．complain about抱怨 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Yet, he considers_himself_a_farmer because he continually works the land in his research. 然而，他认为自己是个农民，因为他在不断地研究耕种土地。
2.Today, it_is_estimated_that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains...
据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻…… 3．Yuan's innovation has helped feed not_just China, but many other countries that depend on rice as well.
袁隆平的创新不仅帮助了中国，也帮助了许多其他依赖大米的国家。
4．Given that Yuan's hybrids have made him quite wealthy, one might think he would retire to a life of leisure.
考虑到袁的杂交水稻让他变得相当富有，人们可能会认为他会退休享受悠闲的生活。
1 devote v.献身；致力；专心 典型例句
He devoted himself to writing.
他专心写作。
He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind. 他把一生都致力于造福人类。
思维拓展
(1)devote time/effort/money...to... 为……付出时间/努力/金钱
devote oneself to...献身于……；专心致力于…… devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的 devotion n．挚爱；关爱；关照；奉献
(2)表示“专心于，全神贯注于”的短语还有：be absorbed in, be lost in, be buried in, be occupied in, focus on, concentrate on, fix one's attention on
He is devoted to his career and his devotion to protecting environment has won our respect.
他对事业很忠诚并且他对保护环境的献身赢得了我们的尊敬。 即时训练
Devoted(devote) to caring for his father, he didn't go for a picnic with us. 2 shortage n.不足；缺少；短缺
典型例句
There is no shortage of (＝There are plenty of) things to do in the town.
城里不愁找不到活儿干。
思维拓展
food/housing/water shortages 食物 / 住房 / 用水短缺
a shortage of funds 资金不足 short adj.不足的；缺少的；短缺的 fall short of sth.未达到；不符合 be short of缺乏，短缺 in short总之；简言之
即时训练
A shortage (short)of funds is preventing the UN from monitoring relief. 3 yield
典型例句
(1)vt.出产(作物)；产生(收益、效益等)
The research has yielded useful information. 这项研究提供了有用的资料。 (2)vi.屈服；让步
After a long siege, the town was forced to yield. 经过长时间的包围，这座孤城被迫投降。 (3)vi.放弃；缴出
He refused to yield up his gun. 他拒绝缴枪。
(4)n.[C，U] 产量；产出；利润
This will give a yield of 10% on your investment. 这会给你的投资带来10%的利润。 思维拓展
yield (to sth./sb.) 屈服；让步
yield sth./sb. (up) (to sb.) 放弃；缴出 yield to sth.被……替代；为……所取代 a high crop yield 作物丰收
a reduction in milk yield 牛奶产量的降低 即时训练
He reluctantly yielded to their demands. 4 convince vt. 使确信，使相信
典型例句
It took many hours to convince the court of his guilt.
花费了许多个小时法庭才相信他有罪。
We convinced Anny to go by train rather than by plane. 我们说服了安妮放弃乘飞机而坐火车走。 思维拓展
convince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事
convince sb.to do sth.说服某人做某事 be convinced of sth.相信某事 be convinced that相信某事 convincing adj.令人信服的
助记：con-(＝thoroughly，完全地)＋vinc(＝conquer，征服)＋e→完全征服对方→使信服 易混辨析
convince/persuade
使(某人)信服，明白。指用事实或道理排除他人对某事的怀疑，使其深信某事是convince 正确的。常接从句或用于convince sb.of sth.。另外，后面接不定式时意思与persuade相当，意为“说服某人做某事”。 persuade 劝说，说服。常接“into doing sth.或to do sth.和out of doing sth.”的结构，表示拿出明显的理由去说服某人做某事。接out of doing sth.意思是说服某人不做某事。 They persuaded us into/out of going(＝to go/not to go)to the party. 他们说服我们去/不去参加那次聚会。 We couldn't convince him of his mistake. 我们无法使他明白他的错。 即时训练
I'm convinced of his honesty. 5 attain vt.(经过努力)获得；得到；达到(年龄、水平、状况等) 典型例句
He attained success through hard work.
他通过努力取得了成功。
The cheetah can attain speeds of up to 97 kph. 猎豹的奔跑速度可达97千米/时。 思维拓展
attainable adj.可获得的；可达到的
attainment n．达到；成就
即时训练
Even a talent can't attain(attainment) great achievements unless he concentrates on what he is doing.
6 conventional adj.常规的；传统的；保守的
典型例句
Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
通过传统的电话线连接的因特网速度有点儿慢。
即时训练
A microwave cooks food much faster than a conventional(convention) oven. 7 assumption n.假定；设想；承担；担任 典型例句
His assumption proved to be correct.
他的假设被证明是对的。 思维拓展
make an assumption 假设；认为
on the assumption that...在假定……的情况下 assume vt.假定；设想；承担 assume that...假设…… assume office 就职
assume responsibility 承担责任
assume an air/expression of...装出……的样子/表情 assuming that...假定……(作连词用，相当于 if)
We are working on the assumption that the rate of inflation will not increase next year. 我们在假定明年通货膨胀率不增加的情况下工作。 Assuming that it rains, what should we do? 假定下雨了，我们该怎么办？
即时训练
The assumption(assume) that the price of the meat would go down before the festival was wrong in fact.
8 overcome vt.&vi.战胜；克服；控制感情 典型例句
He struggled to overcome his shyness.
他努力克服自己的羞怯。
思维拓展
be overcome with被(感情)所控制，受到情绪的极大影响
Bill was overcome with grief. 比尔悲痛欲绝。
易混辨析
overcome，beat，defeat，win overcome beat defeat win 强调克服困难、障碍等。 常指(在比赛或竞争中)赢(某人)。 侧重指在战场上打败敌人。 beat，defeat后均跟表示人的名词，如比赛、战斗的对手；另外，二者常可互换，但defeat更正式。 后跟表示物的名词，比如比赛、战斗、奖金、奖品、金钱等。 He beat me at chess. 他下棋赢了我。
He defeated the champion in three sets.
他三盘击败了冠军。
France won by six goals to two against Denmark. 法国队以六比二战胜丹麦队。
即时训练
He overcame(overcome) a lot of difficulties and succeeded. 9 expand vt.&vi.使变大；伸展
典型例句
He is thinking of expanding his business.
他正考虑扩张他的生意。 Metals expand when they are heated. 金属受热会膨胀。
We have plans to expand the business into the USA market. 我们计划把业务扩展到美国市场。 思维拓展
expand (...) into(把……)扩展到
expand on/upon详述；充分叙述 [图解助记]图解expand，extend 即时训练
His business was expanding(expand)． 10 comprise
典型例句
(1)vt.包括；包含；由……组成(不用于进行时)
The collection comprises 327 paintings. 这部画册收有327幅画。
The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors. 委员会由政府和私人部门的双方代表组成。 (2)vt.是(某事物的)组成部分；组成；构成
Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty. 在那些生活贫困的人中，老年人占有很大的比例。 思维拓展
be comprised of ＝consist of 由……组成
comprise＝ make sth. up
即时训练
The fountain was comprised of three stone basins. 11 generate vt.产生；引起
典型例句
We need someone to generate new ideas.
我们需要有人出新主意。
思维拓展
generate electricity/heat/power 发电/产生热 / 动力
generate income/profit 产生收益 / 利润
generation [U] (尤指电、热等的)产生 [C＋sing./pl.v.] (统称)一代人，同代人，同辈人；代，一代，一辈
the generation of electricity 发电
methods of income generation 产生收益的方法
stories passed down from generation to generation 世代相传的故事 generator n. 发电机
即时训练
Japan has announced plans for a sharp rise in its nuclear power generation(generate)． 12 urban adj. 城市的；市镇的
典型例句
We live in urban areas with our children.
我们和孩子们一起住在市区。
We must stop the damage to both urban and country environments. 我们必须制止对城乡环境的破坏。 思维拓展
urbanization n．都市化，城市化
即时训练
Urbanization(urban)will become increasingly important in the future.
考点集训一
1．If you see failure, you'll create it, so why not envision(vision) success, instead? 2．The universe is slowly yielding up its secrets. 3．It is estimated (that) the project will last four years.
4．A crowd comprised (comprise) of the wives and children of scientists staged a demonstration.
5．We overcame(overcome)many unforeseen difficulties.
6．We are working on the assumption(assume)that everyone invited will turn up. 7．She has devoted herself unreservedly to the great cause.
8．She sounded very convincing(convince)to me (＝ I believed what she said) . 9．This standard is easily attainable(attain)by most students. 10．She is not short of excuses when things go wrong.
1 care for照顾；关心；喜欢 典型例句
They hired a nurse to care for her.
他们雇了个护士来照顾她。
He cared for her more than she realized. 她不知道他是多么在乎她。
思维拓展
care about，care for和care with都有“关心”“担心”的意思，但是在表示“介意”“计较”意思时，要用care about。在表示“关怀”“照顾”“想要”的意思时，要用care for。
He doesn't care about his clothes. 他不讲究衣着。
We must care for the younger generation. 我们必须关怀年轻的一代。
即时训练
①I had my children to care for,_and I had to make a decision.
②I don't care for green.I like red. 2 far from远非；绝不
典型例句
It was obvious that much of what they recorded was far from the truth.
显然，他们所记录的很多根本不是事实。 思维拓展
far from后常接名词、动名词或形容词。
far from the truth/case远非事实 far from satisfactory远不令人满意
即时训练
Far from being_relaxed(relax), we both felt so uncomfortable that we hardly spoke. 3 take on
典型例句
(1)承担，接受(尤指艰巨工作或重大责任)
No other organisation was able or willing to take on the job. 没有任何别的组织有能力或愿意承担此项工作。 (2)呈现，显出(新面貌或新特点)
Believing he had only a year to live, his writing took on a feverish intensity. 由于以为自己只剩一年的活头，他的文字开始变得激情澎湃。 (3) (公共汽车、船舶等)上(客)，装(货)，补充(燃料) This is a brief stop to take on passengers and water. 这是一次短暂停靠，上上客，加加水。 (4)雇用；录用
He's spoken to a publishing firm.They're going to take him on. 他和一家出版公司谈过了，他们打算雇用他。 即时训练
Don't take on more responsibilities than you can handle. 4 make use of 利用；使用
典型例句
We should make full use of the Internet.
我们应充分利用网络。
We should make use of every chance to practise speaking English.
我们应该利用每一次机会来练习说英语。 How did you make use of your spare time? 你是怎么利用你的业余时间的？ 思维拓展
make good/full use of 好好/充分利用
make the best of 充分利用(有利条件) make the most of 充分/尽量利用(有利条件) make little use of 几乎不利用；不充分利用
即时训练
Every minute must be made use of to improve our spoken English. 必须利用每一分钟来提高我们的英语口语。 5 now that 既然
典型例句
Now that the kids have left home we've got a lot of extra space.
孩子们都离开家了，我们住着就更宽敞了。
Now that you have finished your work, you'd better have a rest. 既然你的工作已经做完了，最好休息一下吧。 易混辨析
now that, because, since, as, for now that because since as for 固定短语，意为“既然；由于”，引导原因状语从句，that 可以省略。 表示直接的或为人所不知的原因，语气最强。回答用 why 提问的问句。 意为“既然”，表示已知或共知的原因，但并非直接原因。可与 now that互换。 意为“由于”，表示显而易见或已为人所知的原因。语气比 because 弱。 意为“因为”，并列连词，表示补充说明的理由。引导分句，不能置于句首。 思维拓展
类似 although/though 不能与 but 连用，because 不能与 so 连用，当 since, now that 引导原因状语从句时，主句前不能加 so 等连词。
[译]既然你已经准备好了，我们现在可以走了。 [误]Now that you are ready, so we can go now. [正]Now that you are ready, we can go now. 即时训练
Now that I am free, I can enjoy music for a while. 6 make up one's mind 下决心；决定
典型例句
I can't make up my mind whether to go or not.
我无法决定去还是不去。
We have made up our minds to finish the work before dark. 我们决心在天黑前完成工作。 思维拓展
change one's mind 改变主意
keep/have sth.in mind 记住某事
lose one's mind 失去理智
即时训练
The man who has made up his mind to win will never say impossible.
考点集训二
1．You needn't care about his safety. 2．Would you care for a walk after supper?
3．It took me several minutes to adapt to the darkness. 4．Now that the children have cleaned up, you can let them go. 5．Waste materials can still be made use of.
6．Once I have made up my mind, nothing can make me change it.
1 Yet， he considers himself a farmer because he continually works the land in his research.然而，他认为自己是个农民，因为他在不断地研究耕种土地。 句式分析
consider在此表示“认为”。 思维拓展
consider vt.考虑；认为
consider sth.考虑某事 consider doing sth.考虑做某事
consider＋wh- to do/wh-clause考虑…… consider that...认为……
consider sb./sth.(as)．..认为某人/某物是…… consider sb./sth.(to be)＋adj./n.认为某人/某物…… consider it＋adj./n.＋to do认为做某事是…… be considered to do/have done被认为做某事/做了某事 We consider that the song is worth listening to. 我们认为这首歌值得听。 He considers himself an expert. 他认为自己是专家。
Do you consider it wise to go there by yourself? 你认为你自己去那里明智吗？
巧学助记
—Have you considered changing your job?
——你考虑过换工作吗？
—No.I like my job because a teacher is generally considered to be a gardener. ——没有，我喜欢我的工作，因为人们广泛认为老师是园丁。 即时训练
I have been considering buying(buy) a new car，which is considered to_be(be) a symbol of identity.
2 Today, it_is_estimated_that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains...
据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻…… 句式分析
本句属于“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”结构，句中 that 引导主语从句，主语从句本身又是一个主从复合句，从句中(so...)that 引导结果状语从句。 思维拓展
“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”结构：
it 是形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正的主语，that 仅起连接作用，不作成分。 常用动词：say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，know 等。 该句型可转换为“Sb./Sth.＋be＋过去分词＋不定式”(hope 和 suggest 除外)。 It's suggested that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 建议她今天下午就应该完成她的家庭作业。
It was reported that the UFO was flying from the west to the east when people saw it. ＝The UFO was reported to be flying from the west to the east when people saw it. 据报道，人们看见那个不明飞行物时，它正从西向东飞。 即时训练
It is believed that he is fit for the job. 3 Given that Yuan's hybrids have made him quite wealthy， one might think he would retire to a life of leisure.
考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有，人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活。 句式分析
Given用作介词，表示“只要是；考虑到；假定；已知”等意思。“given＋that从句”意思是“考虑到……”，相当于considering。如：
Given his age，he is very strong and healthy. 考虑到他的年龄，他可以说是非常健康强壮了。
Given that the students need more exercise, the head teacher has decided to add more PE classes.
考虑到学生们需要更多的锻炼，校长已决定增加更多体育课。 即时训练
Given(give)his age, he's remarkably active. 考点集训三
1．Bell is generally considered to_have_invented (invent) the telephone. 2．We know that China has such tremendous potential, not just economically but militarily. 3．The old tower is still in a good state considering(consider)it was built over 600 years ago. Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．They didn't envision(想象) any problems with the new building. 2．The proposal has generated(引起) a lot of interest.
3．The water shortage(短缺)in this country is potentially catastrophic. 4．The government is determined to tackle(解决) inflation.
5．The business is still in crisis(危机) but it has survived the worst of the recession. 6．The movie helped boost(使兴旺) her screen career. 7．Higher-rate deposit accounts yield(产生) good returns. 8．We estimated (估计) it would cost about ￡5,000. 9．It is stronger in flavour(味道) than other Dutch cheeses.
10．The state allotted them large quantities of chemical(化学的) fertilizer. Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．There were many comrades devoted(devote)to the cause of revolution in our country.
2．Scientists say there is no convincing(convince)evidence that power lines have anything to do with cancer.
3．It was surprising that the government was re-elected, given that they had raised taxes so much.
4．Given(give)her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her. 5．Her last throw was only three centimetres short of the world record. 6．Both fish and tadpoles have gills. 7.She is known as a great beauty. 8.He is only a boy deep down.
9．He always has the well-being of the masses at heart. 10．Lorna found that people were willing to open up to her.
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
主语从句
考点一 主语从句的定义和连接词
1．定义：在复合句中充当主语的句子叫主语从句。 How he was successful is still a puzzle. 他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
2．连接词的选用
(1)that 和 what 的选用：that 和 what 都可引导主语从句。what 除了起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，如主语、宾语或表语。而 that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接作用。
What he wants is a storybook. 他想要的是一本故事书。
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光沿直线运动。
(2)if 和 whether 的选用：whether 和 if 尽管不充当句子成分，但含有“是否”的意思。whether 和 if 也有不同的用法：if 可以引导主语从句，但从句不能用于句首，而应该放在句尾，并用 it 作形式主语。whether还可以与or not连用，语意不变。
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 我们明天是否在户外开晚会要视天气而定。
(3)其他连接词的选用：根据主语从句的具体意义，还可选择 who, which, when, where, why, how 等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当成分。
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定下来。 Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 昨天是谁打破的玻璃还不清楚。
Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你选择买哪辆车不会有任何区别。
(4)whatever 和 whoever 的选用：whatever 和 whoever 在主语从句中不含疑问意义，不仅起连接作用，还在从句中作成分。whatever 相当于 anything that; whoever 相当于 anyone who。要注意 whatever, whoever 引导的主语从句和让步状语从句的区别。试比较：
无论谁破坏法律，都应受到惩罚。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.(＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.) (whoever 引导的是主语从句)
Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished.(＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished.) (whoever 引导的是让步状语从句)
考点二 由 it 作形式主语的主语从句
1．由 that 引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面，而用 it 作形式主语。 It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。 提示：
需要注意的是，it 作形式主语代替主语从句时，要注意和 as 引导的定语从句的区别。试比较：
据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击。
It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack.(it 代替主语从句，句中有 that，无逗号)
As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack.(as 引导定语从句，句中无 that，有
逗号)
2．用 it 作形式主语的常见句型 (1)It＋be＋形容词＋that 从句
这类形容词有 necessary, essential, clear, true, strange, important, possible, likely等。需要注意的是，当形容词是 necessary, strange, important, essential 等时，主语从句的谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”，即从句要用虚拟语气。
It is necessary that you (should) master the computer. 你有必要精通电脑。
It is important that a student learn English well. 学生学好英语很重要。 It's clear that they badly need help. 很明显，他们急需援助。 (2)It＋be＋名词(词组)＋that 从句
这类名词(词组)有 a fact, a good idea, a pity, a shame, no wonder等。 It's a pity that you missed the film. 你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。 It's no wonder that you're so tired. 难怪你这么累。
(3)It＋be＋过去分词＋that 从句
这类过去分词有 reported, well-known, hoped, thought, expected, said, believed, suggested, ordered等。当过去分词是 suggested, advised, ordered, requested, insisted, required 等时，主语从句的谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”，即从句要用虚拟语气。
It is suggested that the meeting be put off. 有人建议会议延期召开。
It's said that Mr Green has arrived in London. 据说格林先生已到达伦敦。 (4)It＋不及物动词(短语)＋that 从句
这类不及物动词(短语)有 seem, happen, occur, matter, make a/no difference等。 It seems that they will win the game. 看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛。
It happened that I had no money with me that day. 碰巧那天我身上没带钱。
考点三 主语从句需注意的问题 1．that 引导的主语从句置于句首时，that 不能省略；如果用 it 作形式主语，主语从句的引导词 that 通常也不可省略。
That he was ill yesterday is known now. 大家都知道他昨天生病了。
That you don't like him is none of my business. 你不喜欢他不关我的事。
2．if 引导主语从句时只能用 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末。
It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。
3．从句的语序：在任何情况下，主语从句都用陈述语序。 Who did this is still unknown. 这件事是谁做的还不知道。
What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well. 使我感到惊讶的是，这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。
4．单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。但 what 和 who 引导主语从句时，谓语动词的形式应与作表语的名词保持一致。
What we need are more personal computers. 我们需要的是更多的个人电脑。 What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。
单句语法填空
1．What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son. 2．What you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company. 3．What makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer. 4．It is by no means clear what the president can do to end the strike. 5．It doesn't matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store. 6．It suddenly occurred to him that he had left his keys in the office.
7．The limits of a person's intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but whether he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
8．Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesn't matter whether you have lived there for a short or a long time.
9．How medicine works in a human body is a question that not everyone can understand fully. 10．Why the dinosaurs disappeared still remains a mystery. 11．His father got him a job in a bank but soon it became clear that he was not fit for that kind of work.
12．Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's where I was born.” 13．Whether we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 14．When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather. 15．That he lost his balance made him slip on the ice.
Section Ⅲ Using Language
Ⅰ.重点单词 1．fertiliser n．肥料
2．nutritional adj.营养(物)的→nutritious adj.有营养的；营养丰富的→nutrition n．营养；滋养
3．alleviate vt.减轻；缓解 4．poverty n．贫穷；贫困
5．organic adj.有机的；不使用化肥的；有机物的 6．pesticide n．杀虫剂；除害药物
7．widespread adj.分布广的；普遍的；广泛的 8．bacterium n．细菌→bacteria (pl.)
9．digest vt.& vi.消化 vt.领会；领悟→digestion n．消化；领悟 10．essential adj.完全必要的；极其重要的 11．mineral n．矿物；矿物质
12．alternative n．可供选择的事物 adj.可供替代的；非传统的 13．grocery n．食品杂货店→groceries[pl.]食品杂货 14．instance n．例子；实例；事例
15．depth n．向下(或向里)的距离；深(度)→deep adj.深的 16．root n．根；根茎；根部；根源
17．entirely adv.全部地；完整地；完全地→entire adj.全部的；整个的；完全的 18．aspect n．方面；层面 Ⅱ.重点短语 1．in use在使用
2．in turn相应地；转而；依次；轮流 3．as for关于；至于 4．switch to转到；转换到 5．turn to求助于；求教于；改用 6．focus on集中(注意力、精力等)于
7．keeps...free from/of使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物) 8．for instance例如；比如 9．meet that need满足那样的需求 Ⅲ.重点句型
1．As for chemical fertilisers, crops grown with them usually grow too_fast_to_be rich in nutrition.
至于化肥，用它们种植的作物通常生长得太快，无法提供丰富的营养。
2．What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world.
阻止他们这样做的原因是化学农业满足了世界各地对粮食的巨大需求。
1 alleviate vt.减轻；缓解
典型例句
Nowadays, a great deal can be done to alleviate back pain.
如今，减轻背部疼痛可以有许多方法。
A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem. 采取了一系列措施缓解这个问题。 思维拓展
alleviation n．减轻；缓解；缓和；镇痛物
即时训练
He said he and his organization have worked for 36 years for the alleviation(alleviate) of poverty.
2 digest vt. 消化食物；领悟，融会贯通 vi. 消化 n. 摘要；文摘 典型例句
I have digested most of the important points in the book.
我领悟了书中大部分要点。 Protein digests slowly. 蛋白质消化得慢。
This is a digest of the week's news. 这是这周的新闻摘要。 思维拓展
digestion n．消化
digestive adj.消化的；易消化的
即时训练
This book is of great value.Nothing can be enjoyed if you can't digest(digest) it. 3 alternative n．可能的选择 adj.供选择的；非传统的 典型例句
Either alternative is correct.
(两种选择中)不论哪一个选择都是正确的。
All the alternative routes are given to car drivers by computers. 所有可供选择的路线都由计算机显示给汽车司机。 思维拓展
alternative energy 可替代能源
an alternative to...……的替代品
have the alternative of doing sth.有做某事的选择；可以做某事 have no alternative but to do sth.别无选择只好做某事 You have the alternative of speaking or keeping quiet. 你要么发言，要么保持沉默。 I had no alternative but to accept the offer. 我除了接受该项提议之外，别无选择。 易混辨析
alternative，choice，selection
alternative 一般强调在只有两种可能性或者行为方式之间进行的选择。 choice 泛指从一组人或物中进行的自由选择，指“选择，挑选，抉择”。 selection 指从许多可供选择的人或物中择优选拔的意思。 The way was blocked, so we went by an alternative road. 这条路被挡住了，因此我们走了另一条路。 The store offers a wide choice of fruit and vegetables. 商店提供许多可供选择的水果和蔬菜。
Parents should be careful in their selection of the movies their young children see. 家长们在为孩子们挑选电影时应小心谨慎。 即时训练
We had no alternative but to_fire(fire)Mary. 4 depth n.向下或向里的距离；深度
典型例句
The oil well extended several hundreds of feet in depth.
油井向下延伸了数百英尺。 His ideas lack depth. 他的想法缺乏深度。
思维拓展
the depth of a cut/wound/crack刀口/伤口/裂口深度
the depths of the ocean 海洋深处
live in the depths of the country (＝ a long way from a town)住在偏远地区 in the depths of winter (＝ when it is coldest)在隆冬季节 in depth全面地；深入地；详细地
be out of your depth在水深没顶(或够不着底)的地方；非某人所能理解；为某人力所不及 deep adj.深的；厚的；纵深的；有……深的 即时训练
I haven't looked at the report in depth yet. 5 root
典型例句
(1)n.根；根茎；根部；根源
I pulled the plant up by (＝ including) the roots. 我把这棵植物连根拔起。
Money, or love of money, is said to be the root of all evil.
有人说钱或爱钱是万恶之源。 (2)v.(使)生根；翻寻
Try to root this plant in the garden. 想办法使这个植物在园子里生根。
“It must be here somewhere，” she said, rooting through the suitcase. “它一定就在这里的什么地方，”她一边说一边翻着衣箱。 思维拓展
deep spreading roots扎得很深的根
root crops/vegetables根茎作物/蔬菜 pigs rooting for food拱土觅食的猪
即时训练
①Flamenco has its roots(root) in Arabic music.
②Who's been rooting(root)around in my desk?
考点集训一
1．Cooking vegetables reduces their nutritional(nutrition)value.
2．Image retouching is a technique widespreadly (widespread) used in image tampering. 3．There are three essentially(essential) different ways of tackling the problem. 4．Warm milk is the ideal breeding ground for bacteria(bacterium)． 5．I am convinced digestion(digest) is the great secret of life.
6．You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives(alternative)．
7．Their price depended almost entirely(entire) on their scarcity. 8．Many dolphins can dive to depths(depth)of 200 metres. 9．They were deeply(deep)disturbed by the accident. 10．We should see both aspects(aspect)of the problem.
1 in turn相应地；转而；依次；轮流
典型例句
By better understanding your dreams, in turn you will be able to better understand yourself.
通过更好地理解你的梦境，相应地你也可以更好地了解你自己。
These rules proclaim our respect for others and in turn give us the gift of self-respect and
heightened self-esteem.
这些规范既体现了我们对他人的尊重，也转而赋予我们自重的能力以及更强的自尊心。 There were cheers for each of the women as they spoke in turn. 当这些女人们逐一发言时，她们每个人都赢得了喝彩声。 思维拓展
by turns 轮流；交替
take one's turn轮流做
It's one's turn to do轮到某人做某事 即时训练
They answered the teacher's questions in turn. 2 turn to求助于；求教于
典型例句
She has nobody she can turn to.
她求助无门。
When they meet with new words，they'll turn to the dictionary. 当遇到生词时，他们就查阅字典。 思维拓展
turn against反对
turn away回绝 turn up调大；出现 turn off关掉 turn back往回走 turn down关小；调低 turn in上交 turn on接通；打开
即时训练
He turned to his father for advice.
3 keep...free of/from使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物) 典型例句
We should keep this village free of pollution.
我们要避免这个村庄受到污染。 Keep the children free from harm. 别让孩子们受到伤害。
思维拓展
keep sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事
keep sth.from sb.不将某事告诉某人 keep sb.doing sth.使某人不停地做某事 keep in touch with与……保持联系 keep sb./sth.out of sth.不让某人/某物入内 keep an eye on sth.注意；看守 keep on doing sth.继续做某事
即时训练
He wants to keep his son free from worry. 4 for instance＝for example
例如；比如
典型例句
There are a number of improvements; for instance, both mouse buttons can now be used.
在许多地方有了改进，例如，鼠标的左右键都可以使用了。
思维拓展
常见的表示列举的短语：
(1)such as意为“例如，诸如……之类的”，用来列举同类的人或事物中的几个。放在被列举的人或事物之前。
A lot of things can be recycled, such as waste paper, waste plastic bags, and old batteries. 很多东西都可以回收，比如废纸、废塑料袋和旧电池。
(2)that is或namely意为“即，也就是”，用于把同类的人或事物全部列举出来。放在被列举的人或事物之前。
I have three friends, namely, Tom, Jack and Mike. 我有三个朋友，即汤姆、杰克和迈克。
(3)for example意为“例如，比如”，用于列举同类的人或事物中的一个或几个，作插入语，且常用逗号将它与句子其他部分隔开，可位于句首、句中和句末。
Most boys in the class like physics.Tom, for example, shows a special interest in it. 班上的大部分男孩儿都喜欢物理。比如汤姆就对物理特别感兴趣。 即时训练
There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving; for instance, training lions.
考点集训二
1．There's not a single free vehicle. All the vehicles are in use. 2．They did the work by turns.
3．As for Laura and me, the colour of our skin has never mattered. 4．Then her thoughts would switch to the present. 5．We can turn to him for help.
6．The talks will focus on economic development of the region.
7．You cannot rely on her, for instance, she arrived an hour late for an important meeting yesterday.
8．She's having a lot of trouble with the new computer，but she doesn't know whom to turn to. 9．This meeting focused the world's attention on the poverty of some African countries. 10．—Kitty，take your umbrella.It can keep your skin free from/of being burnt. —Thank you，mom.
1 As for chemical fertilisers， crops grown with them usually grow too fast to be rich in nutrition.
至于化肥，用它们种植的作物通常生长得太快，无法提供丰富的营养。 句式分析
too fast to be...是too...to...结构，该结构意为“太……以致不……，太……而不能……”。其中too是副词，用来修饰形容词/副词，to是动词不定式符号。
The boy is too young to understand the story.
这个男孩太小，理解不了这个故事。 思维拓展
使用too...to...结构时应注意：
(1)句子主语与构成不定式的动词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且构成不定式的动词是及物动词时，不定式中的动词后不能跟宾语。
Tom spoke too quickly for us to understand. 汤姆说话太快了，我们听不懂。
(2)句子主语与构成不定式的动词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且构成不定式的动词是不及物动词时，要在动词后加上适当的介词。
The house is too small for the family to live in. 房子太小，那家人住不下。
(3)too...to...结构并非总是表示否定意义，在以下几种情况中，too...to...结构表示肯定意义： ①not置于动词不定式前，构成too...not to...结构时，原来表示否定意义的不定式再次受到否定，转而表示肯定意义，该结构意为“太……不会不……”或“非常……必定能……”。
He is too careful not to have noticed that. 他非常小心，肯定注意到了那一点。
②too...to...结构前有not，never，no longer，but，only等词时，这一结构也表示肯定意义。
It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
③too...to...结构中，too后为anxious，eager，glad，happy，pleased，excited，ready，satisfied，kind，willing等表示态度、心情、倾向等的形容词时，too相当于very much(极其，十分，非常)，此时该结构表示肯定意义。
He is too ready to help others. 他十分乐意帮助别人。
He is too pleased to receive the pretty gift. 收到这份漂亮的礼物，他非常高兴。
即时训练
He was too angry to_say(say) a word. 2 What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world.
阻止他们这样做的原因是化学农业满足了世界各地对粮食的巨大需求。 句式分析
这是一个复合句。What keeps them from doing so是主语从句；that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world是同位语从句。其中keep...from doing so是keep...from doing sth.“阻止……做某事”结构。同义表达还有：stop/prevent sb.(from) doing sth.阻止某人做某事
方法规律
这三个结构的主动语态中只有keep...from...中from不能省略；在被动语态中，三个from均不可省略。
即时训练
The rain kept us from going out.
考点集训三
1．Before an earthquake，the pigs and chickens are usually too nervous to_eat(eat)． 2．They are too young to_understand(understand)what is going on. 3．The heavy rain kept the soldiers from crossing(cross) the river. 4．They were kept from entering the building.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The drug will alleviate (减轻)her suffering.
2．There are alternative sources of nutrition(营养) to animal meat. 3．Many elderly people live in poverty(贫穷)．
4．Organic(有机的)food is unadulterated food produced without artificial chemicals or pesticides.
5．They found a bacterium(细菌) visible to the human eye. 6．Humans cannot digest(消化) plants such as grass. 7．Get some more fertiliser(化肥) for this flower.
8．The plan received widespread(广泛的)support throughout the country. 9．Money is not essential(完全必要的) to happiness.
10．He stooped to pick up the carrier bag of groceries(食品杂货)． Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．You could, alternatively(alternative), hang onto it in the hope that it will be worth millions in 10 years.
2．The report highlights a number of instances(instance) of injustice. 3．What's the depth(deep) of the water here? 4．The audience was almost entirely(entire)female. 5．All this played an important role in improving the ecological environment and speeding up poverty alleviation(alleviate)in poor areas. 6．It is always important to choose enjoyable, nutritious(nutrition) foods. 7．It is essential to_keep(keep)the two groups separate. 8．The computer has been in use for many years, far beyond its guaranteed life span. 9．I'm thinking about making a switch to a smaller company. 10．No one can prevent this plan being_carried(carry)out.
Section Ⅳ 单元要点复习
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．devote v．献身；致力；专心
(1)devote time/effort/money...to... 为……付出时间/努力/金钱 devote oneself to...献身于……；专心致力于…… devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的 devotion n．挚爱；关爱；关照；奉献
(2)表示“专心于，全神贯注于”的短语还有：be absorbed in，be lost in，be buried in，be occupied in，focus on，concentrate on，fix one's attention on
2．shortage n．不足；缺少；短缺
food/housing/water shortages 食物/住房/用水短缺 a shortage of funds 资金不足 short adj.不足的；缺少的；短缺的 fall short of sth.未达到；不符合 be short of缺乏，短缺 in short总之；简言之
3．yield n．产量；产出；利润 vt.出产(作物)；产生(收益、效益等) vi.屈服；让步 vi.放弃；缴出
yield (to sth./sb.) 屈服；让步 yield sth./sb. (up) (to sb.) 放弃；缴出 yield to sth.被……替代；为……所取代 a high crop yield 作物丰收
a reduction in milk yield 牛奶产量的降低 4．convince vt. 使确信，使相信 convince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事 convince sb.to do sth.说服某人做某事 be convinced of sth.相信某事 be convinced that相信某事 convincing adj.令人信服的
5．attain vt.(经过努力)获得；得到；达到(年龄、水平、状况等) attainable adj.可获得的；可达到的 attainment n．达到；成就
6．conventional adj.常规的；传统的；保守的 7．assumption n．假定；设想；承担；担任 make an assumption假设；认为
on the assumption that...在假定……的情况下assume vt.假定；设想；承担 assume that...假设…… assume office 就职
assume responsibility 承担责任
assume an air/expression of...装出……的样子/表情 assuming that...假定……(作连词用，相当于 if) 8．overcome vt.& vi.战胜；克服；控制(感情)
be overcome with被(感情)所控制，受到情绪的极大影响 9．expand vt.& vi.使变大；伸展 expand (...) into(把……)扩展到 expand on/upon详述；充分叙述
10．comprise vt.包括；包含；由……组成(不用于进行时) vt.是(某事物的)组成部分；组成；构成
be comprised of ＝consist of 由……组成 comprise＝ make sth. up 11．generate vt.产生；引起
generate electricity/heat/power 发电/产生热 / 动力 generate income/profit 产生收益 / 利润
generation [U] (尤指电、热等的)产生 [C＋sing./pl.v.] (统称)一代人，同代人，同辈人；代，一代，一辈
the generation of electricity 发电
methods of income generation 产生收益的方法
stories passed down from generation to generation 世代相传的故事 generator n. 发电机
12．urban adj. 城市的；市镇的 urbanization n．都市化；城市化 13．alleviate vt.减轻；缓解
alleviation n．减轻；缓解；缓和；镇痛物
14．digest vt. 消化(食物)；领悟，融会贯通 vi. 消化 n. 摘要；文摘 digestion n. 消化
digestive adj. 消化的；易消化的
15．alternative n．可能的选择 adj.供选择的；非传统的 alternative energy可替代能源 an alternative to...……的替代品
have the alternative of doing sth.有做某事的选择；可以做某事 have no alternative but to do sth.别无选择只好做某事 16．depth n．向下(或向里)的距离；深(度) the depth of a cut/wound/crack刀口/伤口/裂口深度 the depths of the ocean 海洋深处
live in the depths of the country (＝ a long way from a town)住在偏远地区 in the depths of winter (＝ when it is coldest)在隆冬季节 in depth全面地；深入地；详细地
be out of your depth在水深没顶(或够不着底)的地方；非某人所能理解；为某人力所不及 deep adj.深的；厚的；纵深的；有……深的
17．root n．根；根茎；根部；根源 v．(使)生根；翻寻 deep spreading roots扎得很深的根 root crops/vegetables根茎作物/蔬菜 pigs rooting for food拱土觅食的猪 Ⅱ.重点短语
1．care for照顾；关心；喜欢
care about，care for和care with都有“关心”“担心”的意思，但是在表示“介意”“计较”意思时，要用care about。
在表示“关怀”“照顾”“想要”的意思时，要用care for。 2．far from远非；绝不
far from后常接名词、动名词或形容词。 far from the truth/case远非事实 far from satisfactory远不令人满意 3．take on
(1)承担，接受(尤指艰巨工作或重大责任) (2)呈现，显出(新面貌或新特点)
(3) (公共汽车、船舶等)上(客)，装(货)，补充(燃料) (4)雇用；录用
4．make use of 利用；使用 make good/full use of 好好/充分利用 make the best of 充分利用(有利条件) make the most of 充分/尽量利用(有利条件) make little use of 几乎不利用；不充分利用 5．now that 既然
类似 although/though 不能与 but 连用，because 不能与 so 连用，当 since, now that 引导原因状语从句时，主句前不能加 so 等连词。
6．make up one's mind 下决心；决定 change one's mind 改变主意 keep/have sth.in mind 记住某事 lose one's mind 失去理智
7．in turn相应地；转而；依次；轮流 by turns 轮流；交替 take one's turn轮流做
It's one's turn to do轮到某人做某事 8．turn to求助于；求教于
turn against反对 turn away回绝 turn up调大；出现 turn off关掉
turn back往回走 turn down关小；调低 turn in上交 turn on接通；打开
9．keep...free of/from使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物) keep sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事 keep sth.from sb.不将某事告诉某人 keep sb.doing sth.使某人不停地做某事 keep in touch with与……保持联系 keep sb./sth.out of sth.不让某人/某物入内 keep an eye on sth.注意；看守 keep on doing sth.继续做某事
10．for instance(＝for example)例如；比如 常见的表示列举的短语：
(1)such as意为“例如，诸如……之类的”，用来列举同类的人或事物中的几个。放在被列举的人或事物之前。
(2)that is或namely意为“即，也就是”，用于把同类的人或事物全部列举出来。放在被列举的人或事物之前。
(3)for example意为“例如，比如”，用于列举同类的人或事物中的一个或几个，作插入语，且常用逗号将它与句子其他部分隔开，可位于句首、句中和句末。
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Yet, he considers_himself_a_farmer because he continually works the land in his research.然而，他认为自己是个农民，因为他在不断地研究耕种土地。
consider在此表示“认为”。 consider vt.考虑；认为 consider sth.考虑某事 consider doing sth.考虑做某事
consider＋wh- to do/wh-clause考虑…… consider that...认为……
consider sb./sth.(as)．..认为某人/某物是…… consider sb./sth.(to be)＋adj./n.认为某人/某物…… consider it＋adj./n.＋to do认为做某事是…… be considered to do/have done被认为做某事/做了某事
2．Today, it_is_estimated_that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains...
据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的杂交水稻…… 本句属于“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”结构，句中 that 引导主语从句，主语从句本身又是一个主从复合句，从句中(so...)that 引导结果状语从句。
“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”结构：
it 是形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正的主语，that 仅起连接作用，不作成分。 常用动词：say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，know 等。
该句型可转换为“Sb./Sth.＋be＋过去分词＋不定式”(hope 和 suggest 除外)。
3．Given that Yuan's hybrids have made him quite wealthy, one might think he would retire to a life of leisure.
考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有，人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活。 Given用作介词，表示“只要是；考虑到；假定；已知”等意思。“given＋that从句”意思是“考虑到……”，相当于considering。
4．As for chemical fertilisers, crops grown with them usually grow too_fast_to_be rich in nutrition.
至于化肥，用它们种植的作物通常生长得太快，无法提供丰富的营养。
too fast to be...是too...to...结构，该结构意为“太……以致不……，太……而不能……”。其中too是副词，用来修饰形容词/副词，to是动词不定式符号。
使用too...to...结构时应注意：
(1)句子主语与构成不定式的动词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且构成不定式的动词是及物动词时，不定式中的动词后不能跟宾语。
(2)句子主语与构成不定式的动词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且构成不定式的动词是不及物动词时，要在动词后加上适当的介词。
(3)too...to...结构并非总是表示否定意义，在以下几种情况中，too...to...结构表示肯定意义： ①not置于动词不定式前，构成too...not to...结构时，原来表示否定意义的不定式再次受到否定，转而表示肯定意义，该结构意为“太……不会不……”或“非常……必定能……”。
②too...to...结构前有not，never，no longer，but，only等词时，这一结构也表示肯定意义。
③too...to...结构中，too后为anxious，eager，glad，happy，pleased，excited，ready，satisfied，kind，willing等表示态度、心情、倾向等的形容词时，too相当于very much(极其，十分，非常)，此时该结构表示肯定意义。
5．What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world.
阻止他们这样做的原因是化学农业满足了世界各地对粮食的巨大需求。
这是一个复合句。What keeps them from doing so是主语从句；that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world是同位语从句。其中keep...from doing so是keep ... from doing sth.“阻止……做某事”结构。同义表达还有：stop/prevent sb.(from) doing sth.阻止某人做某事。
这三个结构的主动语态中只有keep ...from...中from不能省略；在被动语态中，三个from均不可省略。
写作技巧点拨
辩论作文
假设你是李华，最近你们班就“本市要不要修地铁”这一话题展开了一场激烈的讨论。请
根据以下提示，给某英文报社的编辑写一封信，客观介绍这次讨论的情况。
70%的学生赞成 30%的学生反对 1.快速，安全 2.节能，无污染 3.有助于缓解地面交通拥挤状况 1.花费太大 2.可能破坏某些地下历史文物 注意： 1．词数80左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3．信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：交通拥挤traffic jam；历史文物historical relics Dear editor，
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours， Li Hua
一、构思谋篇
二、关键词语
一场激烈的讨论 多达 赞成计划 交通方式 持相反的观点 三、连词成句 1．最近，我们班就“本市要不要修地铁”展开了一场激烈的讨论。
Recently our class had a heated discussion about whether a subway should be built in our city. 2．多达70%的学生赞成这一计划。
Up to 70 percent of the students agree to this plan.
3．他们认为，在城市里地铁要比其他交通方式更快捷、更安全。
They think that a subway train is faster and safer than other means of transport in a city.
a heated discussion up to agree to a plan means of transport hold the opposite opinion 4．其他学生持相反的观点。
The rest of the students hold the opposite opinion. 四、连句成篇 Dear_editor，
Recently our class had a heated discussion about whether a subway should be built in our city.Now I am writing to tell you the result.
Up to 70 percent of the students agree to this plan.They think that a subway train is faster and safer than other means of transport in a city. Besides, it is energy-saving and doesn't cause pollution.
What's more, it can help reduce the traffic jams above ground. The rest of the students hold the opposite opinion.They think that it costs too much money to build a subway and our city can't afford it. What's worse, it may destroy some underground historical relics when a subway is being built.
Yours， Li_Hua
本单元的写作任务是写辩论报告，这类文章要求用一定的理由说明自己对事物或问题的见解、看法，属于议论文的范畴。
1．篇章特点
议论文是一种以议论为主要表达方式的文体，就是摆事实、讲道理，并要求通过多方面的分析，把道理说通，说透。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式；论据的基本要求是真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是推理必须符合逻辑。
2．注意事项 写作时应注意：
第一，要提出正确鲜明的论点。一般来说，要把论点写在篇首或段首，这样能起到纲举目张的效果，让读者读起来更容易把握文章思路。
第二，要重视论据这一关的阐述。论据就是用来证明论点的事实和道理。要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例来证明论点。
第三，论证是议论文中必不可少的部分。一段完整的议论，只有通过论证证明论据和论点之间的内在逻辑关系，才能将论据和论点融为一体，也才能构成一篇完整的、有说服力的文章。
3．写作形式
此类作文一般有两种写法。 (1)文章分三部分进行论述： 第一部分：提出论点 第二部分：给出论据 第三部分：得出结论 (2)文章分四部分进行论述：
第一部分：说明辩论的主题、参与者等 第二部分：列举正方的观点及其理由
第三部分：列举反方的观点及其理由 第四部分：阐明自己的观点 4.常见的写作用语 (1)总结
There are different opinions among people as to... We had a heated discussion about...
Different people hold different opinions. Opinions are divided.
People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards... People have different opinions on this problem. People take different views on this question. (2)表达不同观点
...of them hold the opinion that....
...of them are in favour of the idea that...
People who are for/against the idea think...Some people believe that... Others argue that... (3)不同观点之间的衔接用语
However，...of them hold a different view./...of them hold the opposite opinion. People who are against it don't think so. However，each coin has two sides. Different from those....，...people think.... On the other hand，...people object that.... and，as well as，also...
besides, in addition, moreover, what's more... unlike，on the contrary, on the other hand...
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