笔译实习材料及译文 Day 1 Part 1 Professor Lee Sing Kong, Director, NIE, Faculty, staff, distinguished guests, And my fellow graduands, A very good afternoon to all! It is my great pleasure and privilege to give the valedictory speech on behalf of my dearest classmates! It seems that everyone is tired of the generic valedictory speech and it is not easy to come up with an entertaining and memorable one. I searched internet for some videos and I found that to make their speeches more interesting, people crack jokes, quote hip-pop lines, sing a song with a guitar or compose a rap like Eminem. I am sorry that I can’t do these things. So I borrow one trick that I hope will work for me. Now, ladies and gentlemen, please put up your right hand, at the count of three, touch the shoulder of your neighbor. One, two, three. Now I am sure that everyone has been ‘touched’ by my speech. I still remember my first day in NIE. It was a beautiful day. When I was standing on the lush green lawn, I found myself in a mood for vacation and relaxation. I was impressed by the efficiency in the arrangement of a series of events, hearing NIE Director’s speech, meeting teachers and former students, learning how to use library and other facilities. I was also excited about the courses which were completely new to a literature student. What I found most striking was the multiethnic background and diverse educational background of our teachers. They come from China (including mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan), Vietnam, Germany, Malaysia, the States, Australia and Singapore. They also received their degrees from prestigious universities in various countries. Their personal experiences not only showcase diversity and multiethnic harmony, two core ideas valued in Singapore but also enlighten us from a myriad of perspectives. Here I just want to mention how diversity and harmony can be integrated in our real-life teaching and researching. First, we need to appreciate diversity and construct harmony in our teaching. we should be aware of the diversity in our teaching conditions with different tangible facilities, class sizes, lengths of courses, and areas with varied socio-economic situations. Our students are diverse too. They differ in their motivations, proficiency levels, personalities and the like. They have also kept changing. For example, students from developed areas may learn more efficiently if we adopt new technologies, like screencasting, blogs and online feedback, as they are digital natives themselves. However, students from poor areas may benefit more from a combination of ‘more old than new’ technologies according to the availabilities of computers and internet access in their classrooms. What we have learned in NIE is a multitude of theories and methods. The efficiency and usefulness of them depends on ‘how’ and ‘when’ we apply them. In our real teaching, we should aim at a harmonious integration of these theories and methods with all situational variables taken into account. Second, diversity and harmony are also valued in our researching. One perfect example is in our research methods class. Dr. Hu Guangwei and Dr. Shih Chih-Min, of different personalities and teaching styles, work towards our better understanding of both quantitative and qualitative studies and their assignments can be integrated into one through triangulation. 英语 原文 Personally, I believe, the ultimate goal of academic research is to accommodate differences and contribute to a better understanding of the world that we live in. Here I want to stress one particular thing that I learnt from Dr. Hu. He asked me twice in his feedback to my literature review ‘What is your take on this? You need to let your readers hear your voice’. After the first term, I realized how little I knew about academic research and writing conventions for academic papers. Here I learned how to quote and how to hedge. However, I probably went to another extreme. I was so careful about every statement I made that I lost my own voice in my quotes. Dr. Hu has inspired me to seek my own voice and Dr. Dahl’s and Dr. Chandra’s courses have equipped me with ways of making myself heard. Steve Jobs, the Apple founder once said, ‘Don’t be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most importantly, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become.’ This is also my wish for my fellow classmates. Both in our lives and in academic research, our voice and our unique contribution is of foremost importance. I hope all of us can be more daring and innovative in trying new methods and standing up for what we believe in. On behalf of my classmates, I would like to take a moment to thank MOE for covering all of our bills, NIE administration for having done their best to help us settle down and ELL department for offering us most useful courses. None of us will be here today if not for our NIE professors and lecturers. These extraordinary people have influenced us in countless ways. They honed our critical thinking and analytical skills, they instilled team spirit in us through group presentations, they enlightened us to develop our potential to the fullest and they devoted themselves to both our educational and spiritual needs. Most importantly, they have set themselves as perfect examples for the kind of teacher we all wish to be. A special thanks goes to Dr. Ramona Tang, who is a God-sent angel for us and will always be our sister. We also thank our parents and families, though most of them are absent today, for their unconditional love and support. Without all of you, we wouldn’t have gone so far. Congratulations, 2011 PGDELT class. We’ve finally made it. We’ve completed our studies here. However, our academic journey does not end here in NIE. In his final class, Dr. David Caldwell told us about his experience of obtaining a Ph. D. degree and incidentally, a week ago, Dr. Shih sent us a letter encouraging us to plan early for our Ph.D. studies. So there is still a long way to go. Our graduation today is just a ‘stopover’ rather than our destination. It is where we embark on a new journey. One thing we should never forget is that no matter what struggle is awaiting us, we are not fighting alone because we have so many excellent NIE teachers on our side. Most importantly, 35 PGDELT students, we are a family. Thank you! 汉语 译文 1
Day 1 Part 2 An Introduction to Chinatown On the surface, Chinatown is prosperous - a \"model slum,\" some have called it - with the lowest crime rate, highest employment and least juvenile delinquency of any city district. Walk through its crowded streets at any time of day, and every shop is doing a brisk and businesslike trade: restaurant after restaurant is booming; there are storefront displays of shiny squids, clawing crabs and clambering lobster; and street markets offer overflowing piles of exotic green vegetables, garlic and ginger root. Chinatown has the feel of a land of plenty, and the reason why lies with the Chinese themselves: even here, in the very core of downtown Manhattan, they have been careful to preserve their own way of dealing with things, preferring to keep affairs close to the bond of the family and allowing few intrusions into a still-insular culture. There have been several concessions to Westerners - storefront signs now offer English translations, and Haagen Dazs and Baskin Robbins ice-cream stores have opened on lower Mott Street - but they can't help but seem incongruous. The one time of the year when Chinatown bursts open is during the Chinese New Year festival, held each year on the first full moon after January 19, when a giant dragon runs down Mott Street to the accompaniment of firecrackers, and the gutters run with ceremonial dyes. Beneath the neighborhood's blithely prosperous facade, however, there is a darker underbelly. Sharp practices continue to flourish, with traditional extortion and protection rackets still in business. Non-union sweatshops - their assembly lines grinding from early morning to late into the evening - are still visited by the US Department of Labor, who come to investigate workers' testimonies of being paid below minimum wage for seventy-plus-hour work weeks. Living conditions are abysmal for the poorer Chinese - mostly recent immigrants and the elderly - who reside in small rooms in overcrowded tenements ill-kept by landlords. Yet, because the community has been cloistered for so long and has only just begun to seek help from city officials for its internal problems, you won't detect any hint of difficulties unless you reside in Chinatown for a considerable length of time. 汉语 译文 英语 原文 当天翻译过程分析或体会 Day 2 100字以内！ 2
英语 原文 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING (“MOU”) RE: PURCHASE OF NORWEGIAN PAVILION AT THE SHANGHAI EXPO SITE The Seller: Innovation Norway c/o Norway at EXPO 2010 The Buyer: Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology (The Seller and the Buyer are hereinafter jointly referred to as the “Parties”) WHEREAS: 1. Innovation Norway c/o Norway at EXPO 2010 (hereafter referred to as the “Seller”) constructed the Norwegian Pavilion located in C-10 Section in the Shanghai EXPO site (hereinafter referred to as the “Pavilion”) for the World Expo Shanghai 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the “EXPO”); 2. The Seller has the exclusive title over the Pavilion. The Seller does, however, not have any ownership to the plot at which the Pavilion is situated. According to the relevant agreements that the Seller entered into with the Shanghai Expo authority (hereafter referred to as the “Expo Authority”), the Seller is obligated to remove the Pavilion and clear the plot after closure of the EXPO in October 2010; 3. The Buyer is willing to purchase the entire Pavilion from the Seller, and the Seller is willing to sell the entire Pavilion to the Buyer on an “as-is” basis; 4. The term “Pavilion” in this MOU does not include installed equipment. Should the Parties agree to a final Sale and Purchase Contract (hereinafter referred to as the “Final Contract”), the equipment not included in the sale of the Pavilion shall be explicitly listed in the said Final Contract; NOW THEREFORE, upon amicable discussions and based on mutual understanding, the Seller and the Buyer have preliminarily reached the following achievement and agreement, as framework for purchase and sales of the Pavilion between the Parties: 1. PRICE AND PAYMENT TERMS 1.1 The Purchase Price payable by the Buyer as consideration for the Pavilion shall be RMB ___________, in capital Renminbi ____________ (the “Purchase Price”). Both Parties understand that the Purchase Price is the net amount to which the Seller is entitled, i.a. any taxes or fees arising from the transaction herein contained shall be all borne by the Buyer. 1.2 The Buyer shall pay to the Seller the Purchase Price in lump-sum within _____ days after execution of the Final Contract. 1.3 For the avoidance of all doubt, the Purchase Price shall be the consideration merely for the Pavilion itself. All works relating to or occurred from the dismantlement, removal, transportation and reinstallation of the Pavilion to the Buyer’s site shall all be accountable to the Buyer’s responsibility. Upon the Buyer’s request, the Seller may, but shall not be obligated to, provide necessary and reasonable assistance in communicating with the Expo Authority for the Buyer’s dismantlement and transporting of the Pavilion out of the Shanghai Expo Park. 2. DELIVERY 2.1 The Pavilion shall be delivered from the Seller to the Buyer on ____________ 3
(hereinafter referred to as the “Delivery Date”), which can be adjusted in the sole discretion of the Seller in consideration of any factual changes during the Expo, or any new decision made by the Expo Authority and the Seller. The Seller shall not assume any liability for such early or delayed delivery. 2.2 The Seller shall hand over the Pavilion on an “as is” basis. Therefore, the Seller is not bound to any guarantee and/or liability in terms of the quality or any special function contained in the Pavilion or any of its parts. 2.3 The title and risk of the Pavilion shall be duly transferred from the Seller to the Buyer upon the Delivery Date, but before the Buyer commences dismantling of the Pavilion. 2.4 Any losses and/or damages towards any third party incurred during dismantling, removal, transportation, reinstallation or operation of the Pavilion after the Delivery Date, shall be transferred from the Seller to-, and shall be fully borne by, the Buyer. The Buyer shall indemnify and hold the Seller harmless from such losses or damages arising from any claim and/or action initiated by any third party as consequence of this. 3. DISMENTLEMENT 3.1 The Buyer may enter into a direct contract with a contractor for the dismantling and removal of the Pavilion. The Seller has no responsibilities and plays no role in this direct contract between the Buyer and its contractor. 3.2 All obligations and liabilities for which the Seller is obligated towards the Expo Authority in terms of the dismantling and removal of the Pavilion and clearing-out the plot before 30 April 2011 shall be transferred from the Seller to-, and fully borne by, the Buyer. The Buyer shall carry out the dismantling and removal works and clear-out the plot in accordance with the Seller’s obligations towards the EXPO Authority. The Seller’s such obligations shall be fully elaborated on in the Final Contract. Furthermore, the Buyer shall indemnify the Seller and hold the Seller harmless for any loss or damage that may be caused to the Seller by the Expo Authority or any other party for any claim and/or action initiated as a consequence of or related to the Buyer’s obligations under this MOU. 4. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 4.1 Upon Delivery Date, the Buyer shall be entitled to receive from the Seller all relevant drawings and documentation related to the Pavilion that is necessary for dismantlement, reinstallation, operation and maintenance of the Pavilion, provided that such drawings and documentation have also been handed to the Seller from its contractor(s), and provided that the Seller is entitled to hand over such documentation and drawings without breaching any third party rights towards the Seller. The Buyer does, however, hereby acknowledge that purchasing of the Pavilion only grants the Buyer ownership to the physical Pavilion itself and the right thereof shall thus not include the intellectual property rights contained in the Pavilion, if any. The Seller shall always own the exclusive intellectual rights over the Pavilion, including but not limited to any copyright, patent, design, know-how etc. If, at the Buyer’s request, the Seller agrees to provide any technical support to the Buyer during the dismantling and reinstallment of the Pavilion, such information is considered “Confidential Information” and remains exclusive rights of the Seller. The Buyer shall not disclose any such Confidential Information to any third party or utilize the information for any purpose other than the dismantling, reinstallation and utilization of the Pavilion. 4
5. MISCELLANOUS 5.1 The Buyer is aware that a key concern for the Seller is to minimize costs spent at the EXPO. Despite the Seller’s entering into of this MOU, Norway therefore reserves its rights to receive offers/bids from other potential buyers up until the signing of a final Sale and Purchase Contract between the Seller and the Buyer. The Buyer shall be informed and have the right to counter-offer such bids before the Seller enters into any agreement with another buyer. 5.2 The validity and effectiveness of this MOU is subject to approval by both Parties’ board of directors. Whether this MOU is carried out and whether the Pavilion is actually transferred from the Seller to the Buyer is further fully subject to agreement between the Parties on the detailed terms of the Final Contract. Should such agreement not be achieved in a Final Contract, the Parties shall carry no responsibility or liability towards each other. 5.3 The Buyer acknowledges that it is of vital importance for the Seller and Norway how the Pavilion is perceived among its visitors also after the closure of the EXPO. The Buyer is therefore obligated to utilize the Pavilion solely for office-, meeting- and/or exhibition purposes. The Buyer is further obligated to diligently maintain the Pavilion and keep it in first-class, Norwegian quality condition. Should the Buyer fail to perform its obligations under this Sub-Clause 5.3, and should this breach not be rectified one (1) month after receiving written notification from the Seller, the Seller shall up until five (5) years after Delivery Date be entitled to terminate this MOU and the Final Contract and claim restitution of all performed obligations under this MOU and the Final Contract. In case of such breach, the Buyer shall also be liable for any loss caused to the Seller as a consequence of the breach. 5.4 This MOU and the Final Contract shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with Norwegian Law, including Norwegian rules concerning conflict of laws. 5.5 In all disputes arising from or related to this MOU and the Final Contract, the Parties shall first seek to resolve the dispute amicably. If the dispute cannot be settled amicably, the dispute shall be finally decided by arbitration according to the Norwegian Arbitration Act of 14 May 2004 no. 25. The place for the arbitration shall be Oslo and the language for all documentation and proceedings related to the arbitration shall be English. The dispute, the arbitration proceedings and the arbitral award shall be confidential. 6. SIGNATURES For and on behalf of Innovation Norway c/o Norway at EXPO 2010 Name: Position: Date: For and on behalf of Name: Position: President of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology
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Date: 3rd.Sep, 2010 汉语 译文 当天翻译过程分析或体会 100字以内！ Day 3 The Silence of the Lambs (1991) A fundamental difference between \"The Silence of the Lambs\" and its sequel, \"Hannibal,\" is that the former is frightening, involving and disturbing, while the latter is merely disturbing. It is easy enough to construct a geek show if you start with a cannibal. The secret of \"Silence\" is that it doesn't start with the cannibal--it arrives at him, through the eyes and minds of a young woman. \"Silence of the Lambs\" is the story of Clarice Starling, the FBI trainee played by Jodie Foster, and the story follows her without substantial interruption. Dr. Hannibal Lecter lurks at the heart of the story, a malevolent but somehow likable presence--likable because he likes Clarice, and helps her. But Lecter, as played by Anthony Hopkins, is the sideshow, and Clarice is in the center ring. The popularity of Jonathan Demme's movie is likely to last as long as there is a market for being scared. Like \"Nosferatu,\" \"Psycho\" and \"Halloween,\" it illustrates that the best thrillers don't age. Fear is a universal emotion and a timeless one. But \"Silence of the Lambs\" is not merely a thrill show. It is also about two of the most memorable characters in movie history, Clarice Starling and Hannibal Lecter, and their strange, strained relationship (\"people will say we're in love,\" Lecter cackles). They share so much. Both are ostracized by the worlds they want to inhabit--Lecter, by the human race because he is a serial killer and a cannibal, and Clarice, by the law enforcement profession because she is a woman. Both feel powerless--Lecter because he is locked in a maximum security prison (and bound and gagged like King Kong when he is moved), and Clarice because she is surrounded by men who tower over her and fondle her with their eyes. Both use their powers of persuasion to escape from their traps--Lecter is able to rid himself of the pest in the next cell by talking him into choking on his own tongue, and Clarice is able to persuade Lecter to aid her in the search for the serial killer named Buffalo Bill. And both share similar childhood wounds. Lecter is touched when he learns that Clarice lost both her parents at an early age, was shipped off to relatives, was essentially an unloved orphan. And Lecter himself was a victim of child abuse (on the DVD commentary track, 6
英语 原文 Demme says he regrets not underlining this more). These parallel themes are mirrored by patterns in the visual strategy. Note that both Lecter in his prison cell and Buffalo Bill in his basement are arrived at by Starling after descending several flights of stairs and passing through several doors; they live in underworlds. Note the way the movie always seems to be looking at Clarice: The point-of-view camera takes the place of the scrutinizing men in her life, and when she enters dangerous spaces, it is there waiting for her instead of following her in. Note the consistent use of red, white and blue: not only in the FBI scenes, but also in the flag draped over the car in the storage shed, other flags in Bill's lair and even the graduation cake at the end (where the U.S. eagle in the frosting is a ghastly reminder of the way Lecter pinned a security guard spread-eagled to the walls of his cage). The movie's soundtrack also carries themes all the way through. There are exhalations and sighs at many points, as when the cocoon of the gypsy moth is taken from the throat of Bill's first victim. Much heavy breathing. There are subterranean rumblings and faraway cries and laments, almost too low to be heard, at critical points. There is the sound of a heart monitor. Howard Shore's mournful music sets a funereal tone. When the soundtrack wants to create terror, as when Clarice is in Bill's basement, it mixes her frightened panting with the sound of Bill's heavy breathing and the screams of the captive girl--and then adds the dog's frenzied barking, which psychologically works at a deeper level than everything else. Then it adds those green goggles so he can see her in the dark. Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins won Oscars for best actress and actor (the movie also won for best picture, for Demme's direction and Ted Talley's screenplay, and was nominated for editing and sound). It is remarkable that the Academy would remember, let alone single out, a film released 13 months before the Oscarcast; it usually votes for films that are still in theaters, or new on video. But \"Silence\" was so clearly one of a kind that it could not be ignored. Hopkins' performance has much less screen time than Foster's, but made an indelible impression on audiences. His \"entrance\" is unforgettable. After Clarice descends those stairs and passes through those doors and gates (which all squeak), the camera shows her POV as she first sees Lecter in his cell. He is so . . . still. Standing erect, at relaxed attention, in his prison jump suit, he looks like a waxwork of himself. On her next visit, he is erect, and then very slightly recoils, and then opens his mouth, and I at least was made to think of a cobra. His approach to Lecter's personality (Hopkins says on his commentary track) was inspired by HAL 9000 in \"2001\": He is a dispassionate, brilliant machine, superb at logic, deficient in emotions. Foster's Clarice is not only an orphan but a disadvantaged backwoods girl who has worked hard to get where she is, and has less self-confidence than she pretends. Noticing the nail polish on one of Bills' victims, she guesses that the girl is from \"town,\" a word used only by someone who is not. Her bravest moment may come when she orders the gawking sheriff's deputies out of the room at the funeral home (\"Listen here now!\"). One key to the film's appeal is that audiences like Hannibal Lecter. That's partly because he likes Starling, and we sense he would not hurt her. It's also because he is helping her search for Buffalo Bill, and save the imprisoned girl. But it may also be because Hopkins, in a still, sly way, brings such wit and style to the character. He may be a cannibal, but as a dinner party guest he would give value for money (if he didn't eat you). He does not bore, he 7
likes to amuse, he has his standards, and he is the smartest person in the movie. He bears comparison, indeed, with such other movie monsters as Nosferatu, Frankenstein (especially in \"Bride of Frankenstein\"), King Kong and Norman Bates. They have two things in common: They behave according to their natures, and they are misunderstood. Nothing that these monsters do is \"evil\" in any conventional moral sense, because they lack any moral sense. They are hard-wired to do what they do. They have no choice. In the areas where they do have choice, they try to do the right thing (Nosferatu is the exception in that he never has a choice). Kong wants to rescue Fay Wray, Norman Bates wants to make pleasant chit-chat and do his mother's bidding, and Dr. Lecter helps Clarice because she does not insult his intelligence, and she arouses his affection. All of these qualities might not be enough to assure the longevity of \"Silence\" if it were not also truly frightening (\"Hannibal\" is not frightening, and for all of its box-office success it will have a limited shelf life). \"Silence\" is frightening first in the buildup and introduction of Hannibal Lecter. Second in the discovery and extraction of the cocoon in the throat. Third in the scene where the cops await the arrival of the elevator from the upper floors. Fourth in the intercutting between the exteriors of the wrong house in Calumet City and the interiors of the right one in Belvedere, Ohio. Fifth in the extended sequence inside Buffalo Bill's house, where Ted Levine creates a genuinely loathsome psychopath (notice the timing as Starling sizes him up and reads the situation before she shouts \"Freeze!\"). We are frightened both because of the film's clever manipulation of story and image, and for better reasons--we like Clarice, identify with her and fear for her. Just like Lecter. 汉语 译文 当天翻译过程分析或体会 100字以内！ Day 4 Part 1 The Chinese Get the Vote, if Only for 'Super Girl' By JIM YARDLEY BEIJING CHINA'S runaway summer hit, \"Super Girl,\" ended last weekend with a television viewership that eclipsed the population of North America. State news media reported that more than 400 million people watched the finale of the show, an \"American Idol\" knockoff, and saw a frizzy-haired music student from Sichuan Province selected as the winner. 8
英语 原文 But it was how that winner, Li Yuchun, was selected that has transformed \"Super Girl\" from just another evanescent offering on China's pop culture menu into a potentially lasting political marker. Unlike China's leader, Hu Jintao, Ms. Li was popularly elected. Fans voted via text message, and the three finalists drew more than eight million votes, a figure that would have been far higher except that people had to pay to vote. The enormous public fascination with the independently produced show has stimulated a nationwide online discussion on issues ranging from democracy to standards of beauty to whether Ms. Li is a lesbian. In a country where it is illegal to organize many types of public meetings, fans formed booster clubs and canvassed malls to court prospective voters. There were even accusations of voter fraud, as rabid fans circumvented the rule limiting each person to 15 votes. \"It's like a gigantic game that has swept so many people into a euphoria of voting, which is a testament to a society opening up,\" a social commentator, Zhu Dake, told state media. No one is saying that the frenzy surrounding the show represents a threat to the ruling Communist Party or foreshadows the emergence of meaningful elective politics in China. But the degree to which the show resonated with people seems to have unsettled the government's propaganda leaders. There is already speculation it will be canceled next year. Indeed, the show is significant not simply because people were allowed to vote for the winner but also because of the winner they voted for. Ms. Li, 21, is almost the antithesis of the assembly-line beauties regularly offered up on the government's China Central Television, or CCTV. Tall and gangly, with a thatch of frizzy hair, the adjectives most used to describe her in the media were \"boyish\" or \"androgynous.\" Some commentators speculated that her fan base consisted of young girls who considered her to be their \"boyfriend\" because of her appearance. \"I have no such feelings,\" she told one interviewer. \"That is their choice. I am an independent person.\" Wang Yao, 24, a graduate student in Beijing, watched the finals with a group of female friends. She knew the gossip about Ms. Li but was more impressed with her confidence and stage presence. She also thought Ms. Li would never have been able to win a similar contest on state television because of her unorthodox appearance and manner. \"This time it depended totally on text-message voting,\" Ms. Wang said. \"That's why I think the results are totally different.\" The program was produced by a daring satellite television station in Hunan Province, in southern China, and sponsored by a dairy company. Hence, the full title of the show: \"The Mongolian Cow Sour Yogurt Super Girl Contest.\" Several months ago, more than 120,000 contestants auditioned in five different cities in a week-after-week elimination process that grew in popularity as the field was whittled down. Unlike much programming that comes out of Beijing or Shanghai, \"Super Girl\" featured young women from the provinces. For many fans, it was the lack of polish of the performers, and the lack of predictability of the voting results, that made the program addictive. Ratings steadily grew until the final episode, which the state media said drew more viewers than the government's perennial blockbuster variety show at the beginning of each New Year celebration. The popularity of the show also made it a discussion point for intellectuals, with opinion 9
divided on whether it signaled how much closer China had come to democracy or merely reinforced how far it had to go. Other commentators were more concerned that the program signaled the further erosion of traditional Chinese culture. Recently, perhaps jealous of the high ratings, perhaps simply carrying out orders from above, CCTV held a forum that criticized the show for debasing Chinese culture. In a sign that perhaps producers wanted to deflect the political pressure, the final show was toned down and included some traditional acts. Even so, after the finale, the government's official English-language newspaper, China Daily, acknowledged the debate inspired by the show and also tartly asked: \"How come an imitation of a democratic system ends up selecting the singer who has the least ability to carry a tune?\" Ms. Li and other finalists are scheduled to release a CD soon. Tryouts for next year's show are to begin in a few months, assuming \"Super Girl\" is not canceled. But there is good reason to think that it, or some type of imitator, will be on the airwaves again for the simple reason that the program reportedly made gobs of money. 汉语 译文 Day 4 Part2 On Postgraduate Enrollment Reform: Postgraduate Entrance-examination Cheating Perspective Abstract: Currently it is commonly seen that cheating activities prevail in the postgraduate entrance examination with increasing cooperation, hi-tech involvement and universal existence, subjective reasons for which are the utilitarian purpose and blindly-following psychology of the individual candidates, and the loss of integrity-and-honesty mechanism and so on; and external reasons (also known as institutional ones) for which can be found in the excessive increase in enrollment, imperfection of examination regulations, improper design of examination papers and deficiency of examination laws/rules, etc., resulting in prevailing cheating activities and constantly improved means. In this thesis, the author makes an analysis of these institutional reasons, aiming at banning the breeding and spread of cheating with the practice of proposed postgraduate enrollment reform, adaptation of exam-paper structure and employment of two-stage qualification examination, etc. Key words: postgraduate examination, enrollment examination, cheating, institutional reform 英语 原文 10
汉语 译文 当天翻译过程分析或体会 100字以内！ Day 5 PROCESSES AND OUTCOMES IN NETWORKED CLASSROOM INTERACTION: DEFINING THE RESEARCH AGENDA FOR L2 COMPUTER-ASSISTED CLASSROOM DISCUSSION Lourdes Ortega University of Hawai'i at Manoa ABSTRACT The present paper focuses on the use of one networked technology, namely synchronous computer-mediated interaction, in the second language (L2) classroom. The scope is intentionally limited to research concerned with evaluating the potential benefits of computer-assisted classroom discussion (CACD) in terms of second language acquisition (SLA) theory. The findings stemming from the existing body of L2 research on CACD are critically examined and a number of methodological suggestions are offered for future research on CACD. It is suggested that in addition to analyzing language outcomes by means of well-motivated measures of L2 use and L2 acquisition, a multiplicity of data sources be used in CACD research, so as to be able to document the processes learners actually engage in when interpreting and carrying out CACD tasks. A process- and task-driven research agenda for L2 CACD is proposed with the ultimate goal of describing the nature of language, learning, and interaction fostered in networked synchronous communication and to ascertain which features of CACD may or may not be relevant to the processes involved in second language acquisition. Computer-Mediated Discussion in the Language Classroom The use of networked computers for the purpose of large group discussions in language educational contexts began with hearing impaired students learning L1 composition at Gallaudet University (Batson, 1988). The software application for computer-assisted classroom discussion (CACD) which is most widely used in foreign language classrooms is the Daedalus Integrated Writing Environment (Daedalus Inc., 1989) and its application InterChange. This software was developed in the 1980s in the English Department at the University of Texas at Austin by Fred Kemp, a scholar in composition studies, and 11
英语 原文 colleagues. Social theories of writing instruction that emphasize the collaborative nature of meaning and writing were at the core of the Daedalus software as it was intended to be used in composition classes (see Barker & Kemp, 1990; and for a discussion of the concomitant social epistemic theory of writing, see Berlin, 1987). In foreign language classes, Daedalus began to be used also in the University of Texas at Austin in the early 1990s, but the orientation was more on target-language practice than on the development of writing skills. In the last six years, a small number of FL studies (and most recently ESL studies) have reported on the use of InterChange/Daedalus in CACD in various FL classes in universities in the United States, typically for general classroom discussion purposes rather than in connection with L2 writing instruction. How does CACD work? During a typical Daedalus/InterChange session in the computer lab, each student sits in front of a computer terminal and is free to type in messages that can be sent by clicking on the \"send\" button on the screen. Sent messages appear on the upper half of all individual screens, displayed in the order in which they were sent and automatically identified with the name of the sender. All class members can read each other's comments at their own pace by scrolling up and down the sent-messages window, and they can write messages at their own leisure without interfering effects (freezing, etc.) from incoming messages. Among the many different types of CALL activities available for second language instruction, CACD stands as a promising area for research in second language learning and teaching for several reasons. For one, conducting class discussions on a computer network entails meaningful use of the target language and forces teachers and students away from treating language as an object rather than as a medium of communication (e.g., Colomb & Simutis, 1996). Not only is CACD a communicative CALL activity in Underwood's (1984) sense, but it can promote a task- and interaction-driven approach to L2 learning and teaching which is the backdrop to concrete proposals for curriculum design superseding traditional communicative approaches (e.g., analytic and Type B syllabi as outlined in Wilkins, 1976, and White, 1988, respectively; see also detailed discussion of procedural, process, and task syllabi in Long & Crookes, 1993). The communicative investment and the meaningfulness and relevance achieved in many CACD discussions appear to provide for a context in which opportunities for language development are enhanced, since students are motivated to stretch their linguistic resources in order to meet the demands of real communication in a social context. In brief, the CACD environment appears to be optimal for devising CALL activities that facilitate and promote comprehensible output (Swain, 1985) within a holistic, process- and task-oriented approach to the L2 curriculum (Long & Crookes, 1993). Other benefits of CACD associated with language learning that have been repeatedly singled out in the FL literature are: Learners are able to contribute as much as they want at their own pace and leisure; consequently, they tend to perceive CACD as less threatening and inhibiting than oral interactions and produce a high amount of writing, with all students participating to a high degree and all producing several turns/messages per session. Because of the interactive nature of the writing, learners are expected to engage in a variety of interactive moves on the computer and to take control of managing the discussion. Learners make use of the available opportunity to take time to plan their messages and 12
edit them. In this way they engage in productive L2 strategies and processes. 汉语 译文 当天翻译过程分析或体会 100字以内！ Day 6 **学院续聘英语外教的合同 **学院（甲方）欲聘请美国人理查德. 布鲁克 (Mr.Richard Bourke)（乙方）, 护照号：404653028，为外语系的英语教师。经双方协商，达成以下协议： 一、甲方保证： 1、在校园内提供一套免费住房，配有必要的生活设施，如：厨房（含厨具）、浴室、冰箱、洗衣机、电视、和微机，打印机，免费宽带上网,并及时更新电脑软件，电话（费用自理），每月补助水电费最多不超过150元。 2、乙方授课时数20学时/周每月需完成80学时工作量。如果乙方每月未能完成规定的课时，甲方可安排诸如教师培训等工作，乙方要服从工作安排，开学初、假期前课时微调，课时不超过每月要求完成的总时数。 3、合同期满时甲方提供中国**---美国北卡迪那飞机票，或支付人民币现金5000元作异地交通补贴。 4、购买与中方员工一样的平安保险，如遇特殊疾病影响教学，病假超过三周以上，甲方有权单方解除合同。对家庭成员不承担任何责任。 5、课前提供教材和必要的教学资料。 6、每月提供免税的6000元月薪，每月10日为发薪日。如乙方承担的课时超过合同规定的学时，付给经双方同意的超课时讲课费，即80元/学时，超课时讲课费学期末根据每月完成的课时总量核准。假期带薪。 7、工作一学年，提供国内旅游补贴费2000元人民币，不满一年，补贴按实际工作的月份支付。 8、上课班级学生数在50名左右。 9、如果乙方两次教学评估不合格，甲方有权单方解除合同；如果乙方连续违反合同，如迟到、早退和缺课等，甲方有权单方解除合同。 10、合同生效后，甲方有权根据乙方的能力、合作意愿和教学质量来调整授课班级13
汉语 原文 教学计划和时数以及合作的延续。乙方全力支持甲方工作，如果乙方不服从甲方工作安排，甲方有权单方解除合同，但不承担任何违约责任。 11、负担乙方在中国国内签证延期费用。 二、乙方保证： 1、每周完成20学时的教学任务，主要教授英语口语，包括期末出题、评卷。如不能完成规定课时，可将剩余课时用于教师教学研讨和培训，积极承担额外教学任务，尤其当其他外教生病时主动为其承担教学任务。 2、参加学生组织的“英语角”等课外活动等，遵守学院及系内规定，如有违反愿与中方职工一样接受处分。 3、爱护房间内的一切公共物品，如有意损坏，与中方职工一样按价赔偿，如过失损坏就不用赔偿。 4、工作期间，严禁请假，特殊原因除外（疾病、意外伤害等），请假期间，其他教师承担教学的讲课费从乙方工资中扣除。另外，家庭成员的来往过境费用自理。 5、乙方必须遵守中华人民共和国的有关法律、法规以及甲方的有关规章制度，遵守中国关于外事活动的一切规定。 6、无甲方许可，不可做兼职工作，如有违反，承担违约责任。 7、合同期满前60天以书面形式通知甲方是否续约。 8、积极参与甲方对乙方的教学评估。 9、禁止向甲方提供错误信息，如个人健康，学历证书等。如乙方提供错误信息，则因乙方提供错误信息产生的法律后果及给甲方造成的损失均由乙方承担法律责任。 三、双方保证： 1、共同遵守本合同内的一切款项，不得随意违背。 2、如有争议，双方应本着友好合作的原则，协商解决，如无法解决，可诉诸法律。 3、在合同有效期内，双方不得随意解除合同，如甲方非因法定或约定的原因解除合同，须向乙方支付违约金10000元人民币；如乙方无故解除合同，须向甲方支付违约金10000元人民币。 4、甲方为乙方办理工作证。 四、本合同有效期自2010年1月1日起，至2010年12月31日止。 甲方代表签字： 日期： 乙方签字： 日期： 英语 译文 14
当天翻译过程分析或体会 100字以内！ Day 7 Part 1 牡丹江简介 牡丹江是一座历史积淀非常厚重的城市，是满族发祥地之一，造就了莺歌岭文化、唐代渤海文化、清代宁古塔流人文化、“闯关东”文化、抗联文化、北大荒文化以及火山文化、口岸文化等多种文化传承交融，不同的风土人情造就了牡丹江独特的民风民俗，使牡丹江成为开放度高、包容度高、思想比较活跃和开放的地区，铸就了“求实创新、跨越争先”的城市品格。 牡丹江景色天成，是一个风光秀丽的旅游城市。位于北温带中部，属温带大陆季风气候，半湿润地区。地处盆地，四面环山，四季分明。冬可玩雪、夏可避暑、秋可观山、春可采摘。牡丹江有世界第一大高山堰塞湖—镜泊湖，以及中国雪乡、唐代渤海国遗址等景区景点450多处，是国家级旅游城市。 汉语 原文 英语 译文 Day 7 Part 2 陕南灾后绿色乡村社区营建策略研究 国家十一五科技支撑计划重点项目“地震后灾区新农村建设技术集成与示范” 项目编号：2008BAK51B04 王*1 靳**2 1**大学建筑学院教授、博导 2**大学建筑学院讲师、在读博士 摘 要：“5.12”特大地震后，陕西省南部受到严重的破坏，尤其是宁强县和略阳县，灾后重建任务十分艰巨。面对社会各界的支援，灾区新农村建设呈现出前所未有的机遇，但如何在灾后全方位的营建绿色社区，并充分体现地域特色，也是一次严峻的挑战。灾后重建，要求我们不仅仅考虑房屋建筑等硬件实施的营建，还应统筹规划考虑农村主导产业的生产恢复与技术提升，更新产业结构，以及建设新的循环农业模式。为此结合项目的实施，我们特提出应结合该地区地域特点、产业结构和农村社会发展状况，从农村社区规划及建设发展模式开发与示范等方面营建绿色乡村社区。 关键词：灾后重建 新农村 绿色乡村 营建策略 1引言 15
汉语 原文 2008年5月12日14时28分04秒，四川省汶川县发生8.0级特大地震。这次地震，是新中国成立以来破坏性最强、波及范围最广、救灾难度最大的一次地震，波及四川、甘肃、陕西、重庆等16个省区市。灾后重建任务十分艰巨，党和政府高度重视，国家科技部及时推出“国家十一五科技支撑计划重点项目”——“地震后灾区新农村建设技术集成与示范”，由西北农林科技大学主持，联合西安建筑科技大学、同济大学等单位，在陕西受灾严重的宁强县广坪镇骆家嘴村建立示范点，开展“陕南灾后绿色乡村社区建设技术集成与示范”的研究。课题组历经多次调研、踏勘、测绘、规划设计、实验、现场施工、经验总结等大量工作，针对如何在灾后营建绿色社区提出相应营建策略，以供探讨。 2 机遇与挑战——灾后社区营建 陕西省宁强县位于陕西省西南角，全县总面积3246.8平方公里，常用耕地面积31万亩，总人口33.96万人，属中低山区县。此次大地震，宁强县26个乡镇普遍受灾，其中，宁强县内临近四川的广坪、青木川、毛坝河、禅家岩、二郎坝等乡镇灾情十分严重。位于宁强县西南角广坪镇的骆家嘴村则为受灾最为严重的村落，该村境内丘陵起伏，村域面积38.6平方公里，其中森林面积1863公顷，耕地面积1110亩。全村辖10个村民小组387户1490人。该村百分之九十以上的房屋在此次地震中受损，电力、水利、交通等基础设施严重损毁。由于当地经济相对落后，震后更是雪上加霜，很难再有经济能力重建自己的家园。虽然土坯房大多数毁坏，但是可以看出是由于当地农民建造技术的原因，屋顶虽然已经严重毁坏，但是墙体仍保持完好，因此这种原始生态的建筑材料在灾后重建中应重点考虑。 （如图1、2） 图1宁强县广坪镇骆家嘴村震后民居 图2宁强县广坪镇骆家嘴村震后民居 特大地震灾害之后，恢复重建的重点在农村，难点也在农村。地震后，灾区农村建设是我们面临的一个新课题、新挑战。震后，国家及各级政府十分重视，积极投入大量人力、物力、财力到灾区建设中，这为陕南灾后乡村建设带来了良好的机遇，但由于灾区农村大多数分布在山区，该地区原有基础设施差，技术落后，面对前所未有的灾后恢复重建任务，如何通过灾后重建真正做到让农村繁荣、让农民受益、让我国村镇建设走向可持续发展道路也是我们面临的课题与挑战。 灾后重建任务艰巨复杂，涉及当地经济社会发展的方方面面，必须统筹兼顾，科学规划。不仅要安排好人类活动空间，还要考虑人与自然和谐相处，不仅要考虑恢复生产，还要考虑促进产业结构调整；不仅要考虑促进经济增长，还要合理安排经济布局；不仅要体现现代化要求，还要注意保护历史文化遗产。这样才能贯彻体现绿色乡村营建的特点。 16
英语 译文 当天翻译过程分析或体会 100字以内！ Day 8 Part 1 一顿午餐 我打碎了一个重要的杯子，然后坐下来吃饭--面包、牛奶、鸡蛋和辣酱，基本上西式风格。突然，想听罗大佑的那首歌《你的样子》。于是找出磁带，却发现今天停电。 人生总是这样！人生总是不完美!这样也好。这样才有希望。 于是继续吃饭。 英语 译文 汉语 原文 Day 8 Part 2 窗 在一家医院的病房里，曾住过两位病人，他们的病情都很严重。这间病房十分窄小，仅能容得下他们倆人。病房设有一扇门和一个窗户，门通向走廊，透过窗户可以看到外界。 其中一位病人经允许，可以分别在每天上午和下午起身坐上一个小时。这位病人的病床靠近窗口。 而另一位病人则不得不日夜躺卧在病床上。当然，两位病人都需要静养治疗。使他们感到尤为痛苦的是，两人的病情不允许他们做任何事情借以消遣，既不能读书阅报，也不能听收音机、看电视……只有静静地躺着。而且只有他们两个人。噢，两人经常谈天，—谈就是几个小时。他们谈起各自的家庭妻小，各自的工作，各自在战争中做过些什么，曾在哪些地方度假，等等。每天上午和下午，时间一到，靠近窗户的病人就被扶起身来，开始一小时的仰坐。每当这时，他就开始为同伴描述起他所见到的窗外的一切。渐渐地，每天的这两个小时，几乎就成了他和同伴生活中全部内容了。 很显然，这个窗户俯瞰着一座公园，公园里面有一泓湖水，湖面上照例漫游着一群群野鸭、天鹅。公园里的孩子们有的在扔面包喂这些水禽，有的在摆弄游艇模型。一对17
汉语 原文 对年轻的情侣手挽着手在树萌下散步。公园里鲜花盛开，主要有玫瑰花，但四周还有五彩斑澜、争相斗妍的牡丹花和金盏草。在公园那端的一角，有一块网球场。有时那儿进行的比赛确实精彩，不时也有几场板球赛，虽然球艺够不上正式决赛的水平，但是，有得看总比没有强。那边还有一块用于玩滚木球的草坪。公园的尽头是一排商店。在这些商店的后边，闹市区隐约可见。 躺着的那位病人津津有味地听着这一切。这个时刻的每一分钟对他来说都是一种享受。描述仍在继续：一个孩童怎样差一点跌入湖中，身着夏装的姑娘是多么美丽动人。接着，又是一场扣人心弦的网球赛。他听着这栩栩如生的描述，仿佛亲眼看到了窗外所发生的一切。 一天下午，当听到一名板球队员正慢悠悠地把球击得四处皆是时，不靠窗口的病人，突然产生了一个想法：为什么偏偏是挨着窗户的那个人，有幸能观赏到窗外的一切？为什么自己不应得到这种机会呢？他为自己会有这种想法而感到惭愧，竭力不再这么想。可是，他愈加克制，这种想法却变得愈加强烈，直至几天以后，这个想法已经进一步变为紧挨着窗口的为什么不该是我呢？ 他白昼无时不为这一想法所困扰，晚上，又彻夜难眠。结果，病情一天天加重了，医生们对其病因不得而知。 一天晚上，他照例睁着双眼盯着天花板。这时，他的同伴突然醒来，开始大声咳嗽，呼吸急促，时断时续，液体已经充塞了他的肺腔，他两手摸索着，在找电铃的按钮，只要电铃一响，值班的护土就会立即赶来。 但是，另一位病人却纹丝不动地看着。心想，他凭什么要占据窗口那张床位呢? 痛苦的咳嗽声打破了黑夜的沉静。一声又一声……卡住了……停止了……直至最后呼吸声也停止了。 另一位病人仍然继续盯着天花板。 第二天早晨，医护人员送来了漱口水，发现那个病人早已咽气了，他们静悄悄地将尸体抬了出去，丝毫没有大惊小怪。 稍过了几天，似乎这时开口已经正当得体。剩下的这位病人就立刻提出是否能让他挪到窗口的那张床上去。医护人员把他抬了过去，将他舒舒服服地安顿在那张病床上。接着他们离开了病房，剩下他一个静静地躺在那儿。 医生刚一离开，这位病人就十分痛苦地挣扎着，用一支胳膊肘支起了身子，口中气喘吁吁。他探头朝窗口望去。 他看到的只是光秃秃的一堵墙。 英语 译文 18
当天翻译过程分析或体会 100字以内！ Day 9 Part 1 ***，西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院副教授，国家住房和城乡建设部村镇司农房建设技术西部研究中心主任，长期从事村镇建筑抗震防灾研究与实践。近年来走遍中西部广大农村地区，对农村住房建设现状有深入了解。特别是四川汶川地震及青海玉树地震后，配合国家住房和城乡建设部进行了大量震损农房的调研、评估及农房恢复重建指导工作。 **，男，1951生，西安建筑科技大学教授，博士生导师。现任西安建筑科技大学建筑与环境研究所所长，主要从事地域文化与乡土建筑、生土建筑、城市公共空间设计等方面的研究。陕西省重点学科—－建筑设计及其理论学科带头人之一，陕西省名牌专业—－建筑学专业责任教授。主持国家自然科学基金项目两项，多年来致力于黄土高原人居环境可持续发展研究与地域建筑文化研究。在窑洞与生土建筑研究领域处国内领先地位。 汉语 原文 **，1970年4月18 日生于重庆，1992年7月获西安建筑科技大学建筑学学士学位，1996年2月获重庆建筑大学建筑学硕士学位，2000年1月获重庆建筑大学城市规划与设计博士学位。2006年晋升正高级工程师，注册城市规划师。2008年评为教授，西安建筑科技大学硕士生导师。1992年至今从事建筑设计和城市规划设计，获四川省城市规划设计一等奖2项，全国城市规划设计三等奖2项，全国勘察设计三等奖1项。出版学术专著一部，发表学术论文23篇。四川省突出贡献专家，第九届四川省青年科技奖获奖者。现任四川省城乡规划设计研究院总工程师。 ***，西安建筑科技大学建筑学院教授，博导，国家公派访问学者，中国\"西部之光\"访问学者。长期从事西部弱势群体人居环境发展、历史文化村镇保护、城市设计等领域的课题研究与规划设计工程实践。近年主持完成国家自然科学基金一项，在研国家级、省部级纵向课题6项，主编学术专著1部，发表学术论文20余篇。 19
英语 译文 Day 9 Part 2 外交部：美南海问题声明发严重错误信号 新华网北京8月4日电 中国外交部发言人秦刚4日就美国务院发表所谓南海问题声明阐明中方严正立场。 秦刚说，8月3日，美国国务院就南海问题发表所谓声明，罔顾事实，混淆是非，发出了严重错误信号，无助于有关各方维护南海乃至亚太地区和平稳定的努力。中方对此表示强烈不满和坚决反对。 秦刚说，中国对南海诸岛及其附近海域拥有无可争辩的主权，这方面的历史事实是清楚的。而且，1959年中国就设立了隶属广东省的西、南、中沙群岛办事处，对西沙、中沙和南沙群岛的岛礁及其海域进行行政管辖。此次设立三沙市是中国对现有有关地方行政管辖机构的必要调整，是中国主权范围内的事情。 他说，需要指出的是，20多年来，在中国和有关地区国家的共同努力下，保持了南海的和平稳定，航行自由和正常贸易得到充分保障。2002年，中国和东盟国家共同签署《南海各方行为宣言》。《宣言》明确规定，由直接有关的主权国家通过友好协商和谈判，以和平方式解决领土和管辖权争议，同时承诺不采取使争议复杂化、扩大化的行动。现在令人担心的是，个别国家不尊重、不遵守《宣言》，以挑衅的方式一而再、再而三地破坏《宣言》的基本原则和精神，也给商谈“南海行为准则”制造了困难。因此，中方在对同东盟国家商谈“南海行为准则”持开放态度的同时，主张各方必须严格遵守《宣言》，以为商谈“准则”创造必要条件和气氛。 秦刚说，美方对中国正常、合理之举的无端指责不能不使人们对美方的意图提出质疑。美国为什么对有的国家在南海划出大批油气区块、出台将中国的岛礁和海域划为己有的国内立法视而不见，为什么对有的国家出动军舰威胁中国渔民，对无争议的中国岛礁无理提出主权要求避而不谈，却对中方应对这些挑衅行为的合理、适度反应提出无端指责？又为什么在地区有关国家加强对话沟通、努力化解矛盾、平息事态之际突兀发声，拨弄是非？这种选择性视盲和发声有悖其所声称的对争议“不持立场”、“不介入”的态度，不利于地区国家的团结合作与和平稳定。 他说，当前，全球经济低迷，一些地区国家动荡，亚太是相对稳定和最具活力的地区，也是世界经济复苏的重要支撑。美方应该顺应时代潮流，尊重本地区国家谋和平、求稳定、促发展的普遍愿望和有关共识，尊重中国的主权和领土完整，多做有利于亚太稳定繁荣的事，而不是相反。 秦刚说，中国同东盟建立对话关系20多年来，建立了发展中国家间最大的自由贸易区，共同应对了亚洲金融危机、国际金融危机和重大自然灾害等各种挑战，各领域合作全面推进。中国重视同东盟的友好合作关系，支持东盟一体化进程，支持东盟在东亚合作中的主导地位，愿同东盟一道努力，排除干扰，进一步推动双方战略伙伴关系向前20 汉语 原文 发展。 英语 译文 当天翻译过程分析或体会 100字以内！ Day 10 西部乡村低收入人群民居灾后设计 ——以512四川大坪村灾后重建为例 **，*** 【作者简介】： **，西安建筑科技大学，建筑学院，博士生，助教 地址：西安建筑科技大学建筑学院 邮编：710055 ***，西安建筑科技大学，建筑学院，特聘教授，博士生导师 【项目基金】： 1． 国家创新研究群体科学基金项目《西部地域建筑环境与能耗控制理论研究》（项目编号50921005）资助； 汉语 原文 2． 西安建筑科技大学青年科技基金《四川彭州大坪村灾后重建乡村聚落生态化创作思路研究》（项目编号DA02039）资助； 【摘要】：本文以四川省彭州市通济镇大坪村民居灾后重建为例，探讨了我国西部乡村地区这一低收入人群在面临严峻的经济贫困与生态贫困的状态下，如何解决新建建筑与环境的协调发展问题。在明确原有民居缺陷的基础上，新建民居注重从解决建筑安全性，尊重当地生活方式出发，采用当地材料、沿用传统结构、改进室内热环境、利用自然通风与采光、发掘可再生能源利用技术等，在降低建造与运行成本的同时做到对自然环境的保护与民居的持久发展。 【关键词】：灾后重建，乡村民居，低收入，建造成本，运行成本 1． 前言 2008年5月12日，一场巨大的地震灾害袭击了我国四川省大部分地区。受灾区处于我国西部地区，西部地区的特殊性主要表现在：西部总体自然环境差、生态环境脆弱,人口增长速度快，人地关系矛盾突出，经济发展相对落后，乡村地区贫困现象严重，面临一系列的生态破坏与退化问题。西部地区的生态环境具有十分重要的位置，是我国生21
态环境的重要屏障，其环境的优劣直接决定了我国总体环境状况。因此，该地区灾后重建要在经济条件相对较差的基础上注重防灾减灾安全性，还要注重对自然生态环境的保护。 课题组作为志愿者团队，在北京地球村环境文化中心的倡导和组织下，对四川省彭州市通济镇大坪村开展了地震灾区乡村民居可持续性发展研究，进行了灾后重建的方案创作，并应用于第一期44户示范工程建设。 2． 四川大坪村受灾情况 大坪村隶属于四川省彭州市通济镇，位于成都西北约70公里处（东经103°49′，北纬30°9′）的大坪山上，海拔高度约1400米，与龙门山隔白水河沟相望，直线距离汶川县城不足30公里。512大地震中，大坪村遭受严重创伤，道路中断，桥梁破坏，新建砖混结构房屋全部倒塌，传统的木结构房屋亦破坏严重，无法继续使用，村民生产、 生活活动几乎无法进行[2] (如图1)。 3． 大坪村经济状况 大坪村所处自然环境优美，但是由于受地理条件、观念等等的限制，当地经济发展相对缓慢。主要原因在于： 1）交通不便 大坪村海拔1400米，当地村民生活在崇山峻岭之中，平地少，山地多，出行交通极其不便，基本以步代车，徒步约6km的崎岖山路。5.12地震后，这里的山路受到了严重的破坏。 2）收入渠道单一 当地村民种植的农作物主要有玉米、土豆、洋姜，而这些作物所带来的收入仅够平日开销。村民的经济收入主要是靠种植黄莲获得。地震发生后，黄连受严重破坏，该部分经济收入被切断。除此外，当地部分年轻劳动力农闲时外出打工贴补家用，地震后都回来重建家园。因此，收入比之前更低。据统计，44户村民年收入在3000元以下的占到7%；3000元-5000元的占到16%，5000元-7000元的占到27%，7000元-10000元的占到23%，10000元以上的占到27%，(如图2)。 3）旅游业发展受制约 大坪村自然环境优美，适宜于大力发展旅图2 当地村民每户年均收入状况 游业以增加当地村民收入。但限于当地基础设施落后、交通不便、启动资金不足等，很大程度上制约了当地旅游经济的发展。 4) 新建住宅经济投入 灾后重建中，在当地政府、北京地球村环境文化中心和中国红十字基金会大力的经济支持下进行。政府根据人口与建房规模每户资助1.6或1.9万元不等，中国红十字基金会按人口计算，每人资助4850元。 据调查了解，在新建的44户中，一口之家有1户；二口之家有9户，三口之家有22
图1 地震对大坪村民居破坏情况 12户；四口之家有14户；五口之家有6户；六口之家有2户。
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