GRE 写作宝典(摘录)1

GRE 写作宝典（摘录）

是非问题文章的结构： 开头 要探讨的问题的背景：问题因何而起，人们的看法 自己的立场（大部分赞成或者反对，小部分反对或者赞成） 3~4行 正文 2~3段 主题句 / 段 展开论述 个人经历、案例、故事、名言、数据、事实、常识 演义推理，从逻辑驳斥或者论证某一观点。 注意问题的复杂性 肯定 让步 修正，限定自己的立场 注意协作连贯 注意连接词 结尾 归纳几分钟 语言要求：正规的、学术性的词汇，句子要复杂，长，不犯语法错误。

范文：

Issue 7: “The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.

Contemporary society is sometimes portrayed as dominated by the experience of change. The break-neck speed of technological innovation, the erosion of traditional values and loyalties, the fickleness of consumers, and the instability of international relations are all from time to time cited as evidence that we live in a world radically different from the past, in which a sense of history and the lessons which can be drawn from it are dispensable. This is a superficial assessment to say the least.

History is closely related not only to us as individuals in our daily life but also to us as members of society. In all spheres of life, from personal relationships to political judgments, we constantly interpret our experience in time perspective, whether we are conscious of it or not. The mere fact of living alongside people older than ourselves makes us conscious of the past. Our sense of personal identity demands roots in the past that are sought in the first instance in genealogy and family history. Our sense of what is practicable in the future is formed by an awareness of what has happened—or not happened—in the past. We learn, in short, by experience. Furthermore, history is

collective memory, the storehouse of experience through which people develop a sense of their social identity and their future prospects. People who profess to ignore history are nevertheless compelled to make historical assumptions at every turn. Our political judgments are permeated by a sense of the past, whether we are deciding between the competing claims of political parties or assessing the feasibility of particular policies. We are all naturally curious about how our society came to be the way it is, and we all

entertain some explanation on the subject, however half – baked and ill – founded it may be. The pace of contemporary change does not render the past irrelevant; it merely shifts the perspective from which we weigh its influence and interpret its lessons.

背诵范文

To be more specific, the study of history has three important practical implications. In the first place, the effort to recapture the essence of every epoch in the past alerts us to the sheer variety of human mentality and achievement—and thus to something of the range of possibilities at our disposal now. Partly this is a matter of imaginative range. History, after all, offers insights into a very wide range of human mentalities. Few people could have foreseen the rise to power of an Adolf Hitler; but to someone with a historical education their personalities were at least credible, as being within the range of recorded human deviance, and an effort of imaginative comprehension was possible—not, it

should be added, to excuse their crimes but to provide a basis for dealing realistically and effectively with them. From this point of view, the broader the scope of historical study the better. In the second place, history can serve, in a sense, as a source of precedent and prediction. That is why history is often compared to a “mirror” in Chinese culture.

Although history seldom repeats itself, it conveys the awareness of what is enduring and what is ephemeral in our present circumstances: this is what is meant essentially by “historical perspective.” Finally, the study of history can help us understand better other societies as well as our own society. On the one hand, the compiling propagating of national history has always been used by national governments to enhance national cohesion and civil patriotism. On the other hand, the study of world history has contributed greatly to the mutual understanding and cooperation of world nations.

In conclusion, we are part of history just as history is part of us. The study of history benefits us not only in our daily life, but also in our effort to understand the present world and to construct the future.

背诵范文

背诵句式

一、是非问题分析论证句式

1. Whereas other societies look to the past for guidance, we cast our nets forward（面向未来）

2. It is the belief in a brighter future that gives us optimism.

3. Even these days, when not all progress seems positive (nuclear weapons, air pollution, unemployment, etc.), the belief remains that for every problem there is a rational solution.

4. The job of the parents is to give the children every opportunity while they are growing up and then get out of their way.

5. What deference people in authority do command is based on their actual powers rather than on their age, wisdom, or dignity.

6. In a society that changes as fast as ours, experience simply does not have the value that it does in traditional societies.

7. It has taken a long time to convince the public that free enterprise does not mean that a company should be free to pollute the air, foul the rivers, and destroy the forests.

8. The assembly line reduced workers to cogs of machinery and made their jobs unutterably boring, but it produced goods fast.

9. Food is prepackaged and shopping is impersonal, but the efficiency of the operation produces lower prices and less shopping time.

10. As an American is always striving to change his lot, he never fully identifies with any group.

11. In America, there are no such expressions such as in china where “the fat pig gets slaughtered,” or in Japan, where “the nail that sticks out gets hammered down.”

12. This freedom from the group has enabled the American to become “Economic Man”—one directed almost purely by profit motive, mobile and unencumbered（不受阻碍的）by family or community obligations.

13. Equipped with the money, one can acquire the taste, style, and ideas that mark each class and launch a quick ascent of the social ladder.

14. Actually, persons in status societies who are secure in their niches （适当的位置）are allowed more eccentricity than Americans, who rely heavily on signals that other people like them.

15. When half the population goes to college, one cannot expect the colleges to maintain the same standards as in countries where only the elite attend.

16. Just as not every Japanese is hardworking and deferential to superiors （长者、上司）, not every Chinese is devoted to family, not every American is ambitious or patriotic – or even unsophisticated.

17. No one could seriously think that anyone who grows up poor, lives in a bad neighborhood, and attends an inferior school has an opportunity equal to that of someone more favored.

18. Americans may not have achieved equality, but at least they aspire to it, which is more than many other nations can claim.

19. In many countries, when jobs become available for young people in distant cities, when television begins to dominate home life, when ready – made foods appear

背诵句式

in the markets, the culture appears more “American” – although the resemblance could be entirely superficial.

20. Someone who looks around or down appears shifty （不可靠的）to Americans, although in fact one doesn’t stare continuously at the other person, but glances elsewhere every few seconds.

21. When the demand for something is greater than its supply, producers and suppliers will sense the possibility of making a profit – the excess of revenues over expenses is the profit.

22. As the case illustrates, competition takes four general forms: pure competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly（少数制造商对市场的控制）.

23. The classic example of pure competition occurs with a commodity, like wheat or corn, that has so many producers that no one of them can control its selling price. 24. A monopoly occurs when one company alone offers a particular food or service and therefore controls the market and price for it.

25. Private restaurants serve gourmet food for $70 per person; incentives boosted agricultural production 25 percent and industrial output 80 percent in just three years; farmers are encouraged to raise as much as they can on their own plots, and some become almost rich in the process.（注意本句中分号的使用）

26. All these changes in China’s economic life have brought changes in China’s social and cultural life as well, many of which unwanted.

27. If productivity measures the efficiency of an economy, a measure of what an economic system produces is its gross national product (GNP), which is the

current market value of all final goods and services that a nation produces within a particular period.

28. Current wisdom says that （当前流行的看法认为）if you want a successful product, you need first to perform detailed market analysis, making sure that there are plenty of people who need the new product and that your entry into the market will be able to gain a significant share of that market.

29. Started at the turn of the century, 3M ( a giant American company) has been

growing at a healthy rate of about 10 percent a year and it boasts of having 45,000 products on the market.

30. An entrepreneur is someone like Tom Monaghan, the man who after brushes with bankruptcy turned Domino’s Pizza into the nation’s fastest – growing franchise chain.

31. The extent to which the broadcast media should be censored for offensive language and behavior involves a conflict between our right as individuals to freely express ourselves and the duty of government to protect its citizenry from potential harm.

32. Although we may not have conclusive scientific evidence of a cause – effect relationship, ample anecdotal evidence establishes a significant correlation. 33. Moreover, both common sense and our experiences with children inform us that people tend to mimic the language and behavior they are exposed to.

34. Those who advocate unbridled individual expression might point out that the right of free speech is intrinsic to a democracy and necessary to its survival.

背诵句式

35. In sum, it is in our best interest as a society for the government to censor broadcast media for obscene and offensive language and behavior.

36. While individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work, both industry and government have some obligation to provide them with the means of doing so.

37. The suggested reason for buying the car is obvious: it is the intelligent choice.（注意冒号的使用）

38. In conclusion, I agree that appeals to emotion are more powerful tools than arguments and reasoning for promoting products.

39. Advertising is obviously the most influential art form in this century; it is, therefore, tempting to think that it is the most important.

40. The lesson here is that advertising, in itself, probably will not achieve as great importance as art.

41. Requiring businesses to provide complete product information to customers promotes various consumer interests, but at the same time imposes burdens on businesses, government, and taxpayer.

42. While I doubt that buildings determine our character or basic personality traits, I argue that they can greatly influence our attitudes, moods, and even life styles. 43. Numerous psychological studies show that different colors influence behavior, attitudes, and emotions in distinctly different ways.

44. Women differ fundamentally from men in childbearing ability; related to this ability is the maternal instinct – a desire to nurture – that is far stronger for women than for men, generally speaking.

45. In consumer – driven industries, innovation, product differentiation, and creativity are crucial to lasting success.

46. And in technology, when there are no conventional practices or ways of thinking to begin with, companies that fail to break away from last year’s paradigm are soon left behind by the competition.

47. Whether an individual saves too little or borrows too much depends on the purpose and extent of either activity.

48. The evidence suggests that, on balance, people today tend to concern themselves with only practical matters that are related to their life.

49. Traditionally, saving is viewed as a virtue, while borrowing is considered as a vice.

50. However, just the opposite may be true under certain circumstances.

二、逻辑问题分析论证句式

1. The mere fact that ticket sales in recent years for screenplay-based movies have exceeded those for book-based movies is insufficient evidence to conclude that writing screenplays now provides greater financial opportunity for writers.

2. It is possible that fees paid by movie studios for screenplays will decrease in the future relative to those for book rights.

3. The argument fails to rule out the possibility that a writer engage in both types of writing as well as other types.

背诵句式

4. In any event, the advertisement provides no justification for the mutually exclusive choice that it imposes on the writer.

5. The argument simply equates success with movie ticket sales, which is unwarranted.

6. The author assumes that physical capabilities are the only attributes necessary to operate a motor vehicle.

7. Moreover, the author provides no evidence that the realism of color photography is the reason for its predominance.

8. This assumption presents a false dilemma, since the two media are not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives.

9. Common sense tells us that a photographer can succeed by working in both media. 10. The argument ignores the factors – such as initiative, creativity, technical skills, and business judgment – that may be more important than the choice of medium in determining success in photography.

11. The major problem with the argument is that the stated similarities between

Company A and B are insufficient to support the conclusion that Company A will suffer a fate similar to Company B’s.

12. Consequently, the mere fact that Company A holds a large share of the video – game hardware and software market does not support the claim that Company A will also fail.

13. Thus, the author unfairly assumes that highly – rated public television programs are necessarily widely viewed, or popular.

14. While this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible that only companies with products that are already best – sellers can afford the higher ad rates that popular shows demand.

15. Admittedly, the vice president’s reasoning linking employee benefits with company profits seems reasonable on the surface.

16. One can infer from the survey’s results that a full one – third of the respondents may have viewed the current benefits package unfavorably.

17. Lacking more specific information about how these other employees responded, it is impossible to assess the reliability of the survey’s results or to make an informed recommendation.

18. It is unlikely that the brief one – week periods under comparison are representative of longer time periods.

19. If so, even though 3 percent more accidents occurred after the change, the author’s argument that changing the speed limit increases danger for drivers would be seriously weakened.

20. The editorial fails to take into account possible differences between East and West Cambria that are relevant to how drivers react to speed – limit changes.

21. In addition, while it is true that many voters change their minds several times before voting, and that some remain undecided until entering the voting booth, this is not true of everyone.

22. Without knowing the extent and nature of the damage resulting from the bad

publicity or the reason for the violation, we cannot accept the author’s conclusion. 23. The author’s proposal is inconsistent with the author’s conclusion about the consequences of adopting an ethics code.

背诵句式

24. To begin with, the author fails to consider health threats posed by incinerating trash.

25. The author’s conclusion that switching to incineration would be more salutary for public health would be seriously undermined. 26. However, this is not necessarily the case.

27. The author’s implicit claim that incinerators are economically advantageous to landfills is poorly supported.

28. Consequently, unless the author can demonstrate that the city will incur expenses that are not covered by the increased revenues from these projects, the author’s concern about these issues is unfounded.

29. First of all, while asserting that real incomes are rising, the author provides no evidence to support this assertion.

30. But no evidence is provided to show that this explanation is correct.

31. Moreover, the author fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for proportional decreases in spending on food.

32. The author ignores other likely benefits of agricultural technology that affect food pieces only indirectly or not at all.

33. In the first place, a great deal of empirical evidence shows that sequels are often not as profitable as the original movie.

34. However, unless the original cast and production team are involved in making the sequel, there is a good chance it will not be financially successful.

35. Since the difficulties inherent in this process make it hard to predict whether the result will be a success or a failure, the conclusion that the sequel will be profitable is presumptuous（武断的）

36. This assumption overlooks other criteria for determining a bridge’s importance – such as the number of commuters using the bridge, the role of the bridge in local emergencies and disasters, and the impact that bridge closure would have on the economies of nearby cities.

37. Without such evidence, we cannot accept the author’s conclusion that no

government funds should be directed toward maintaining the Styx River bridge. 38. The fact that the nearby city has a weakening economy does not prove that the city will not contribute significantly to tax revenues.

39. Substantiating this assumption requires examining the proper duty of government. 40. Accordingly, this assumption is simply an unproven claim.

41. The author is presenting a false dilemma by imposing an either – or choice between two courses of action that need not be mutually exclusive. 42. It is equally possible that legislators can address both areas of concern concurrently.

43. The argument relies on the assumption that the legislators in question（所讨论的）have the opportunity to address urban crime problems.

44. Finally, the author unfairly trivializes the severity of rural crime by simply comparing it with urban crime.

45. It is possible that the sales trend in a particular location is not representative of sales in other regions.

46. However, the author fails to acknowledge and rule out other possible causes of such accidents.

背诵句式

47. A third problem with the argument is that the statistical evidence upon which it relies is too vague to be informative.

48. If the subjects for the study were randomly chosen and represent a diverse cross section of the population of shampoo users, the results will be reliable regardless of the number of participants.

49. Experience alone is far from being enough to guarantee minimized processing costs.

50. Given that Olympic Foods does benefit from lowered processing costs due to its years of experience, the prediction about maximum profits is still in lake of solid ground.

三、核心句型 开头

1. The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (take into account) that fact that…

2. As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly/generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas/views), I believe (argue that…

3. Although many people believe that …, I doubt (wonder) whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination).

4. The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A.

5. Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that …, it is unlikely to be true that…

6. There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that…

7. It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,)…, but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesn’t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won’t be the case) that… 8. The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that …

9. It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that…, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that …

10. In all the discussion and debate over…, one important (basic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected).

11. There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that…

12. Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) when … is taken into consideration (account). 13. To assume (suggest) that … is far from being proved (to miss the point). 14. A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless / fallacious) it is.

15. On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive)

suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that…

16. Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to) … may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts…

背诵句式

17. The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that…

18. What the arguer fails to understand (consider /mention) is that…

19. We don’t have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this argument (proposition).

20. However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.

正文

1. Although the popular belief is that…, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that… 2. Common sense tells us that…

3. The increase (change / failure / success) in… mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of)…

4. The increase (change / failure /success) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that…

5. Many people would claim that…

6. One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change) to …, but … is not by itself an adequate explanation. 7. One of the reasons given for … is that… 8. What is also worth noticing is that…

9. There are many (different / several / a number of / a variety of) causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change /decline / increase) in .. First,… Second,… Finally,…

10. There is no evidence to suggest that…

11. Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, … For another, … 12. Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that…

13. It gives rise to (lead to / bring / create) a host of problems (consequences). 14. There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.

15. It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on… 16. A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in /

influence) the change (increase / decrease / success/ failure / development) in… 17. In 1999, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).

18. By comparison with 1998, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).

19. It account for 15 percent of the total.

20. There were 100 traffic accidents in April, and increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.

21. By 1999, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over / as many as) three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) college population

(graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (1998) preferred to (liked)…

结尾

背诵句式

1. From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that…

2. All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that …

3. It is high time that we place (lay / put) great ( special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of…

4. It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of…

5. We must look (search / all / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of…

6. There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution ( approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial).

7. No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of …, but the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of … might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction).

8. Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to)…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort.

9. Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that…

10. Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to)…, it is very likely (the chances are good) that…

11. There is little doubt (no denying) that serous (special / adequate / immediate /further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of …

12. It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct / check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon).

13. It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent /

sustained / corporate) efforts should be make to control (check / halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of …

14. It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing / improving)…

15. It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy).

16. Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential / grave / serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of…

17. To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state of main towards (attitude towards / outlook on)…

18. For these reasons, I strongly recommend that… 19. For the reasons given above, I feel that…

背诵提纲

Issue 1: \"In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information.\"

Position: It is more important to acquire new facts and information than to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding.

A. New facts and information add to our knowledge, constantly deepening and broadening our understanding of the unknown.

B. The solution to one problem may lead to the appearance of more problems in the world of knowledge, which invites further exploration and more progress as a result. C. However, overemphasizing the limits of our knowledge and understanding may hinder our effort to ceaselessly pursue new frontiers of knowledge.

Issue 2: \"The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.\"

Position: While I admit that people’s behavior is largely influenced by external force out of their control, I insist that individuals should be held responsible for their own actions. A. Organizational management rests on the basic assumption that individuals should and can take their respective responsibility in accordance with their specific roles in the organizational structure.

B. Many political, social as well as familial problems result from the lack of a sense of individual responsibility.

C. Admittedly, the fact that individuals, as social animals, are molded by the social environment in which they grow up, should draw our attention to the government’s responsibility in construction and maintaining a social environment contributive to the healthy growing of individuals.

Issue 3: \"Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.\"

Position: I strongly hold that students should be encouraged to take courses beyond their major.

A. By exploring subjects outside their own major, students may find new academic fields where lie their real interest and potential gift.

B. Since various academic disciplines are interrelated, the study of courses outside the students’ own field may benefit the study of their own major.

Issue 4: \"People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.\"

Position: Working in teams leads to greater achievements and more personal satisfaction than working individually.

背诵提纲

A. In a team, members offer different perspectives, leading to innovation and creativity. B. In a team, members share their unique spiritual, intellectual and material resources, which is imperative for the completion of any significant task.

C. Competition among individuals works most constructively when it is guided by teamwork.

Issue 6: \"In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options.\"

Position: In this practical and competitive world, being practical is essential to our survival; yet ideals add to our courage to overcome obstacles in reality and give us a direction in our pursuit of success.

A. From a philosophical point of view, living is experiencing, which is an everlasting interaction between man and reality.

B. Any human undertaking irrespective of the hard facts and laws of reality is destined to failure.

C. However, ideals give us hope and enthusiasm, lifting us to new heights and helping us to overcome self-imposed limitations.

Issue 10: \"The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves.\"

Position: Employing celebrities for advertising has proved to be an effective way to sell products.

A. In every society, celebrities are employed to promote products.

B. Celebrity advertising appeals to false authority and emotion for effectiveness.

C. Although celebrity advertising proves effective for producers, it does not necessarily make consumers feel better.

Issue 12: \"Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions.\"

Position: Teaching students to explore their own emotions as well as their reasoning ability can help them develop an integrated personality.

A. The current educational system tends to train students as automatons, neglecting their spiritual development, which has resulted in serious problems such as lack if creativity, introversion, or eccentricity.

B. On the contrary, the cultivation of a whole human being depends on a balanced development of both intelligence and emotion.

背诵提纲

C. It is widely believed today that EQ is even more important than IQ for a person to gain success.

Issue 14: \"Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological

innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity.\"

Position: Technology cannot change the condition of humanity; human beings themselves can.

A. The past century witnessed unprecedented war and violence as well as unprecedented technological progress.

B. Technology can change the physical conditions of human existence.

C. However, only through our ceaseless conscious efforts as well as our firm belief in the dignity, the goodness of humanity can we essentially improve human conditions, bringing about a world of mutual understanding, trust and cooperation.

Issue 16: \"With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society—including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences—will benefit greatly from international influences.\"

Position: Generally speaking, individual societies will benefit greatly from the globalization trend initiated by international economy and communication.

A. In the realm of education and the sciences, cross – cultural communication and

international cooperation have brought in an unprecedented prosperous era in human history.

B. In the realm of politics, globalization has opened up new vistas for individual governments to learn from each other in running their own countries and for the international community to take concerted action against global problems.

C. However, in the realm of arts, diversity and originality are being threatened by the blurring of national boundaries and cultural identifications in the face of the accelerating speed of transportation, and the homogenizing effect of mass communications and multinational corporations.

Issue 19: \"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.\"

Position: Since human processes have greatly accelerated the extinction of many species, human beings should spare no efforts to save endangered species.

A. Natural processes did eliminate some species through natural selection; however, it did not break the balance of the ecosystem.

B. Due to human processes, including pollution and exterminatory exploitation of natural resources, our natural environment is being threatened, and the extinction of rare species has been accelerated.

背诵提纲

C. Since the diversity of species is beneficial for human beings, measures must be adopted to protect endangered species.

Issue 22: \"It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.\"

Position: Formal education might restrain our minds and spirits on the surface, but it helps to set free our minds and spirits in the long run.

A. Formal education emphasizes the learning of basic skills, methodologies and knowledge, which might be mechanical and dull.

B. However, this basic training is a necessary foundation, based on which we can freely imagine and create.

C. Admittedly, there exist many aspects in formal education that need reforming.

Issue 24: \"The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.\"

Position: Artists are apt at revealing the inner world of human beings.

A. The arts aim at depicting the feelings and attitudes of individuals in a society. B. Paintings and music most vividly embody the spirits and character of a society.

C. By reading literature, we get to know not only the experience of a society, but also the hidden ideas and impulses of the society.

逻辑问题提纲

Argument 4: The following is a letter to the head of the tourism bureau on the island of Tria.

\"Erosion of beach sand along the shores of Tria Island is a serious threat to our island and our tourist industry. In order to stop the erosion, we should charge people for using the beaches. Although this solution may annoy a few tourists in the short term, it will reduce the number of people using the beaches and will raise money for replenishing the sand. Replenishing the sand, as was done to protect buildings on the nearby island of Batia, will help protect buildings along our shores, thereby reducing these buildings' risk of additional damage from severe storms. And since the areas along the shore will be more attractive as a result, the beaches will be preserved and the area's tourist industry will improve over the long term.\"

A. The arguer fails to see the possibility that the tourist industry of Tria Island may decline in the long run as well as in the short run since tourists are most likely to travel to other islands with beaches that do not charge for the use of beaches. B. Another point worth considering is that the arguer’s conclusion rests on the

questionable assumption that replenishing the sand, a method adopted by the nearby island of Batia with success, applies to Tria Island in reducing the rate of erosion and in protecting the buildings along the shores.

背诵提纲

Argument 6: The following appeared in the editorial section of a health and fitness magazine. \"In a study of the effects of exercise on longevity, medical researchers tracked 500 middle-aged men over a 20-year period. The subjects represented a variety of occupations in several different parts of the country and responded to an annual survey in which they were asked: How often and how strenuously do you exercise? Of those who responded, the men who reported that they engaged in vigorous outdoor exercise nearly every day lived longer than the men who reported that they exercised mildly only once or twice a week. Given the clear link that this study establishes between longevity and exercise, doctors should not recommend moderate exercise to their patients but should instead encourage vigorous outdoor exercise on a daily basis.\"

A. In the absence of the actual number of respondents, the reliability and representativeness of the result of the survey is thrown into doubt.

B. In the second place, the arguer fails to establish the relationship between women’s longevity and exercise; therefore, it seems to be a hasty generalization for the arguer to apply the conclusion, drawn from a study solely about men, to both men and women.

C. Another assumption in short of legitimacy is the false analogy between healthy people who participated in the survey and patients who suffer from certain diseases.

Argument 9: The following is a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.

\"As a local merchant, I wish to support the development of a ski resort in the state park north of our township. Along with many other merchants who favor the proposal by Ski the Slopes, Incorporated, I would, of course, experience a growth in my business. But I also know how much more prosperous, not to mention lively and interesting, our community would be if tourism increased. Since the main opposition comes from a few environmentalists* who do not even live in this community, I see no reason to give in to their views. The First National Bank has finally researched the project and agreed to fund it. As a result, I see no reason to delay development of the resort.\"

Environmentalists are people who advocate the preservation of the natural environment.

A. The local merchant is appealing to false authority by citing the fact that the First

National Bank has researched the project and agreed to fund it and therefore the town should develop the ski resort.

B. The local merchant also fails to establish the causal relationship between the growth of tourism and the prosperity, liveliness and interestingness that the town is supposed to enjoy.

C. In addition, it is unconvincing for the local merchant to ignore the opposition of some environmentalists simply because the opponents do not live in the community.

Argument 12: As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. But now, researchers have found

compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart. In tests, these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats. The use of these compounds should be extended to students who have poor memory and difficulty in concentrating—and therefore serious problems in school performance. Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve.

背诵提纲

A. In the first place, the arguer fails to provide evidence regarding whether poor memory and difficulty in concentration stem from the same causes for both the young and the old.

B. In the second place, the argument is based on a hasty generalization that the

compounds tested on rats can solve all serous problems in students’ performance at school.

Argument 14: A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression.

A. First of all, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between Asians’ eating soy per day and a lower percentage of people suffering chronic fatigue and depression in Asia.

B. In addition, the arguer ignores other factors that might explain why a much higher percentage of people in North America suffer chronic fatigue and depression.