时态与语态(二)

龙文教育学科教师辅导讲义 （第2讲）

课 题 教学目标 教学重点、难点 考点及考试要求 时态与语态专题讲解(二) 4种时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时 教学内容 动 词 的 时 态（二） 现在完成时 have/has doing 过去完成时 had done 将来完成时 will have done 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 现在完成时 1） 表示截止现在已完成的动作 By now, I have collected all the data that I need . She has read 150 pages today. We haven't met for many years . 我们已多年没见了。 2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作 Have you had your dinner? She has been to the United States. 她已去美国了。 You have grown much taller. 3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续 So far we've only discussed the first five chapters. They have learned English for eight years . 他们已学了八年的英语了。 4）用于现在完成时的句型 ① It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. ② This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 5). 延续动词与瞬间动词用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： I’ve known him since then. He has completed the work for 3 hours. He has completed the work since you left. 瞬间动词变延续性动词规则表 基本变化规则 a)用延续性动词代替终止性动词 1、用have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词 1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill 3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 1、“be＋on”代start,begin 2、“be＋up”代get up 3、“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4、“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表： 1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at„相应的介词 2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back 3. have come/gone out →have been out 4. have become → have been 5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open 6. have got up → have been up； 7. have died → have been dead； 8. have left sw. → have been away from sw. 9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep； 10.have finished/ended/completed → have been over； 11.havemarried → have been married； 12.have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ； 13.have begun → have been on 14.have borrowed/bought →have kept/had 15.have lost → haven’t had 16.have put on →have worn 17.have caught /get a cold → have had a cold； 18.have got to know → have known 19.have/has gone to → have been in 20.have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army →have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier„ 6）比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. I have worked here for many years. 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. Harry got married six years ago. Harry has been married for six years. 7）since引导时间的四种用法 （prep. &Conj.) ① since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。 I have been here since 1989. ② since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. ③ since +一般过去时态的时间状语从句。 Great changes have taken place since you left. Great changes have taken place since we were here. ④ It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a graduate student. It is two years since I was a graduate student. 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别: 1)现在完成时强调现在的情况，它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday，in 1997，last year，when等。一般 过去时，只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，与现在无关，它多与表示过去的时间状语连用。 例如： He has lived here since 1972. He lived here in 1972. 2)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，不考虑动作是何时发生的。一般过去时只单纯谈一个过去的动作，不考虑对现在造成的影响。例如： I have read the book. 我已经看过这本书了。（现在已经知道这本书的内容） I read the book last month. 我是上个月看的这本书。（只是讲上月看过这本书） 过去完成时 表示在过去某个特定时间以前发生的动作，一直延续到那个特定时间刚刚结束，或还要继续延续。但是，决不会延续到现在。 1) 两个动作都发生在过去，如果要强调它们的先后，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时；如果不强调它们的先后，则都用一般过去时。 She suddenly remembered that she had left her cellular-phone in the taxi. I congratulated them on the new achievement that they had gained. 2) 有时用过去完成时来追述或补述更早发生的事 I had planed to make a trip to Europe. But now I've changed my mind. It turned out that there had been a lot of thieves in that area .No wonder the police mistook the man in rags for a thief. 3) 过去完成时也用于\"间接引语\"和\"虚拟语气\"的句子中 If you had come to me yesterday, I would have told you the news. She said to me that she had seen that film . 将来完成时 主要用来表示，在未来某一时间会业已完成的动作。在含这一时态的句子里，常以短语或句子来交代这个\"将来时间\"。例如： By this time next year he will have graduated from college. By the end of November I shall have accomplished the composition of this book. They will have got home by 10p.m. 他们晚上十点可能已经到家了。 现在完成进行时 1)表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去. They have been working for two hours. 他们已经工作两小时了。 2)现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：前者比后者更强调动作的延续性；在没有状语时，前者表示动作仍进行，后 者表示已结束；前者不适用于状态动词，后者则可。 考 点 对 接 1.—I didn’t ask for the name list. Why ______on my desk? —I put it there just now in case you needed it. A. does it land B. has it landed C. will it land D. had it landed 【答案】B 【解析】句意为：“我没有要名单，怎么名单在我桌上？”“我刚才放在那里的，免得你需要。”问句中谈论的事情即“放”的动作发生在过去，强调的是对话发生时的情况，需要使用现在完成时，故选择B项。 2. I got caught in the rain and my suit____. A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined 【答案】C 【考点】本题考查现在完成时的被动语态。 【解析】根据句意，首先应断定是被动语态，即“衣服被毁”；再根据动作发生的时间顺序，即“先遇上雨，后衣服被毁”，故选has been ruined。如果选D的话，则表示“先衣服被毁，后遇上雨”，很明显不对。 3. --- ______ you ______ him around the museum yet? --- Yes. We had a great time there. A. Have … shown B. Do … show C. Had … shown D. Did … show 【答案】A 【解析】题意为“你有没有带他参观过博物馆？是的，我们在那里过得很开心”，根据答语可判断强调结果和对现在的影响，故选A。 4. This is the first time went a film in the cinema together as a family. A. see B. had seen C. saw D. have seen 【答案】D 【解析】考查动词时态。the+序数词+time引导的时间状语从句中动词时态用完成时，有参照动词is可知此处用现在完成时，选D。 5. At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement ______. A. has been reached B. had been reached C. has reached D. had reached 【答案】B 【解析】题意为“在会议结束时，一项协议被宣布已达成”，故选B。 6.Tom in the library every night over the last three months. A. works B. worked C. have been working D. had been working 【答案】C 【解析】题干中出现的over the last three months，用于现在完成进行时或现在完成时。 7.—I have got a beadache. —No wonder. You in front of that computer too long. A.work B.are working C.have been working D.worked 【答案】C 【解析】 本题考查动词时态。从句意“你在电脑前工作的时间太长”可知，动作从过去开始。一直延续到现在，可能还会继续延续下去，所以应用现在完成进行时。 8.【2011湖南卷,30】It is the most instructive lecture that I since I came to this school. A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended 【答案】D 【考点】考查动词的时态。 【解析】句意为“自从我到这个学校以来，这是我所听到的最有教育意义的演讲。”since自从…以来，引导过去时的从句时，主句用现在完成时。选D。 9.〖2010湖南〗I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone ________it. Was it you? A. has done B. had done C. would do D. will do 〖答案〗B 〖考点〗考查动词时态。 〖解析〗该空动作发生在was just going to cut之前, 即表示过去的过去, 故用过去完成时态。句意为： “我正要剪切我的蔷薇丛但（发现）有人已经将它剪切了。是你干的吗？” 10.〖2010湖南〗I’m tired out. I ______ all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything. A. shopped B. have shopped C. had shopped D. have been shopping 〖答案〗D 〖考点〗考查动词时态。 〖解析〗句意为：“我现在很累。我整个下午一直在购物, 我好像什么事都没做成似的。”由语境可判断选D项。 11. 〖2007湖南31〗Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _______English for a year. A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying 〖答案〗D 〖考点〗考查动词的时态。 〖解析〗句意为：Cathy正在Sunshine School的课堂上记语法规则的笔记, 她已在那儿学了一年英语。此处应用现在完成进行时态, 表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作, 还有可能持续下去。 12.【2006湖南24】I was giving a talk to a large group of people，the same talk I to half a dozen other groups. A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given 〖答案〗 C 〖考点〗本题考查时态。 〖解析〗 考查时态的用法。因前一句的时态是过去时，而我给其他六个组做报告发生在给许多人做报告之前，故用过去完成时态。