从句

把注意力放在你的功课上因为你是一个学生

(4)条件状语从句I will understand it if he tells me.如果他告诉我了我就会理解 (5)目的状语从句She went to Japan so that she could learn Japanese well.

她去了日本因此可以很好的学习日语

(6)结果状语从句She went to Japan so that she learned Japanese well.

因为她去了日本所以她的日语学得很好

(7)让步状语从句He knows a lot though he is little.尽管他很小但是他知道的很多 (8)比较状语从句Jack is not more frightened than Mike is.杰克不像马克那么害怕。 (9)方式状语从句He walks as if he were a king.他走路的样子仿佛他是个国王

一、名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的

充当的成分和其名称相同，分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句。所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开，并且它们都用相同的关联词。

（一）主语从句

关联词如下： ① 主从连词：that (无意义), whether (是否，一般用于否定句和不确定的句子中), if (是否、如果，多用于肯定句中)这类连词在句子中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用

② 连接代词：who (谁), whom (谁，宾格), whose (谁的，主格), what (什么), which (哪一个)

③ 连接副词：when (什么时候), where (什么地方), how (怎样), why (为什么) 连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句某一个成分。另外，可以用

whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句，来加强语气。

例子：

1.That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是确定的。 2.Whether it's right or not remains to be seen.它是否正确还有待观察。

3.Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.谁将成为我们的班长还没有决定。

（这里的who指的是班长，做了主语）

4.Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.我们应该向谁学习是一

个很重要的问题。（whom 在这里用作于宾语，这个句子的主语是我们）

5.What they are after is profit.他们追求的是利润。（what在这里代指利润，不用翻

译它本身的含义）

6.Which way is more effective is still a question.哪条路更有效还是一个问题。 7.Whatever you did is right.无论你做什么都是对的 8.What we need are good doctors.我们需要的是好医生

主语从句小结：

（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。 （2）连词位于句首不能省略。

（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，如5、7例句，但也有例外，如8例句 （4）主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此通常可以把it放在句首，作形式

主语，而将主语从句放在后面。句子1可以改写为

It is certain that he will come to the discussion.

（二）表语从句：在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句

主语+系动词（am/is/are/seem/smell/look like/listen等）+表语从句 例子3

连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever， because, as if, though等。

例子：

1.He has become a teacher what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10 年前想成为的一名教师。(what没有具体的含义) 2.His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建议是我们应该保持冷静

主语 系动词 表语从句

3.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.问题是他什么时候可以到达酒店。 4.The problem is where we can hold our meeting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。 5. It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利。

（三）宾语从句：在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾

语从句，在引导宾语从句时，从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略

主语+（非）谓语动词/介词/+宾语从句

（1） 动词后的宾语从句

We（主语） know （谓语动词）that a parrot can’t really speak（宾语从句）.我们知道鹦

鹉不会真的说话。

I (主语) heard (谓语动词) that he would come here later on.我听说了他一会过来的消息

Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house. 知道要下雨了，于是他们决定在室内工作。(现在分词knowing的宾语从句)

I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory. 我想知道你是否还在工厂工作。（不定式to know的宾语从句） （2） 介词后的宾语从句

He laughed at what they said. 她对他们说的话一笑置之。 （3） 形容词的宾语从句：

有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩。常见的这类形容词有：afraid害怕, amazed/surprised惊讶, astonished震惊, aware意识, certain确定, confident自

信, delighted/glad/ grateful/happy高兴, proud自豪, sad悲伤, sorry抱歉, sure确信等

I am glad that you have come. 你来了，我真高兴。

I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的

宾语从句小结：

（1） 语序：

1.陈述句语序

He is wondering whenhe can finish this difficult job. 他在想他什么时候能完成这个困难的工作

2.在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，可以转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句 （句子2） I don't think you are right ,are you？（省略了that） 我不认为你是对的，你觉得呢

3. 在表示建议suggest ,advise；要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）

I suggested that you（should）study hard．我建议你好好学习 He ordered that we should go out at once．他命令我们现在马上去学习 4. 如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置 You may think it strange that he would live there你可能很奇怪他会住在哪里

（2） 连接词：that(可省略),what ,who ,when ,where ,why ,which ,if ,whether ,how。

★1.if/whether区别

①if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know知道 ,ask问 ,care关心 ,wonder想 ,find out找出 等之后，介词后一般不用if ②少数动词，如：leave离开 ,put放 ,discuss讨论 ,doubt怀疑后的宾语从句常用whether.

③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。 ④在不定式前只能用whether。

I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 ⑤避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if.

（3） 时态：

1． 2． 3． 4．

主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变

They know (that) he is working hard.他们知道他工作努力 主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态

He answered that he was listening to me.他回答他在听我说 主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”） 当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主句是什么时态，从句均用一般现在时。（在时态的文档里有解释）

（四）同位语从句：与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为

that。同位语从句用法比较\"固定\把关键的几个词背下来。Belief相信, doubt怀疑, evidence证据, idea想法, fact事实, hope希望, news新消息, possibility可能, question问题, thought考虑

(1) 跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容，如：

I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。

(2) 英语中引导同位语从句的词中有连词 that，whether，连接副词how ,when ,where等,if 不能引导同位语从句

l have no idea when he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来 (3) 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。

二、状语从句

（一）时间状语从句：常见连词有after ,as, before ,once ,since ,till,（not）until，when ,whenever ,while, as long as ,as soon as…

时间状语从句还可以由一些名词引导：the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, the day, every time

有些副词也可以引导时间状语从句：instantly, directly, immediately

1.I will discuss this with you when we meet. 我们见面时再与你讨论这件事。 2.Come and see me whenever you want to. 任何时候想来就来看看我。 3. We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。

4.As he was making his experiments, he observed this physical phenomenon. 当他在做实验时，他观察到这个物理现象。

5.Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs. 我一感冒就流鼻涕。 6.I came immediately I'd eaten. 我一吃完饭就来了。 ●注意：when, as, while的区别

1.when, as, while都可以表示一段持续性时间，但表示一个时间点时，要用when, as而不能用while

2.when除有“当„的时候”之意外，还有“当„之后，然后”之意，因此从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，只能用when 引导从句，不可用as 或 while。

（二）地点状语从句：where, wherever引导

1.Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多

2.Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你 3.Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在哪里就坐在那里。

（三）原因状语从句：because,as,since,for,now,that,in that,seeing that,considering that，not that……but that等

1.She has just missed her bus because the timetable has changed. 因为汽车时刻表变了，她没有赶上汽车

2.Since he is busy, I won’t trouble him. 既然他很忙，我就不打扰他了

3.Now that all are present, let’s start the discussion. 既然全都出席了，我们就开始讨论

4.Seeing (that) she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor. 鉴于她病情严重，他们派人请了医生

5.He left a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health.

他有些着急，不是因为他的学生不努力学习，而是因为他们不太注意身体健康

（四）结果状语从句：so that, so…that, such…that等 so+adj. such+n.

1.He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted. 他作了错误的决定，结果毁掉了半生

2. He ran so fast that his brother couldn't catch up with him. 他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他

3. The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it. 飞机飞行的高度是这么的高，以致于我们几乎看不到它 ★原因状语从句与结果状语从句常可互换

John flew into a rage because I took no notice of him. 因为我没有注意到约翰，他生气了。

I took no notice of John, so that he flew into a rage. 我没有注意到约翰，结果他生气了

（五）目的状语从句：that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that，incase等 1. They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time. 他们很早就出发了，以便及时赶到车站

2. He took his umbrella with him lest it rain. 他带了雨伞，以防下雨

（六）条件状语从句：if,unless,so long as,provided that,supposing that,on condition

that,in the event that,in case that 等，时态很重要

1.If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman. 明天如果下雪，我们就堆雪人 2.If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. 如果你不太累，我们去散散步 3.You will be late unless you hurry. 除非你快点否则你会迟到

4.Providing you promise not to tell anyone else, I will explain the secret. 只要你保证不告诉任何人，我就把这个秘密讲给你听

（七）比较状语从句（不常考） 1. as…as,not so/as…as

The film was not so exciting as we expected.这部电影没有我们期待的一样精彩。 Tom works as hard as John (dose). 汤姆和约翰工作一样努力。 2.比较级+than,so much/a lot more than

She looks much younger than she is.她看上去比她的实际年龄更年轻。

The universe isa lot more complicated than you think.宇宙的结构比你想象的更复杂

3.no more…than,not more…than,less…than

Jack is not more frightened than Mike is.杰克不像马克那么害怕 4.the more…the more

The more I see of him,the less I like him.我越看他越讨厌

●I know you better than he (knows you).我比他更了解你 I know you better than him. 我了解你比了解他更多

本句中的than是介词，后面要用代词的宾格him，而上一句的than是连词，引导的是比较状语从句，即使后面的成分省略，代词也要用主格he

（八）方式状语从句

1.as,(just) as…so…

Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人

As water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水 2.as if,as though

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气）

3.as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.（分词短语） 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. （不定式） 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.（短语） 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

（九）让步状语从句

1.even if, though, even though, while no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever, however

Although he is poor, he is honest. 他虽然穷，但是诚实。 Air has weight, though it is very light. 虽然空气很轻，但它有重量

although与though意义基本相同，都表示“虽然”，只是although语气更重，常用于句首，都不与but连用

2. 由as 引起的让步从句，语气较强烈，被强调的词须放在句首，用倒装

Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone. 尽管我可以试一试，但我不可能举起那块石头。

Cold as it is,the children play outdoors.尽管外边很冷，孩子们仍然在门外玩耍 3.However hard he tries, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 尽管他做出努力，但他似乎从来不能令人满意地完成工作

4. whether…or,不管…或…

Whether you be a student or a teacher,you are required to obey the regulations of the school. 不管你是学生还是老师,你必须遵守学校的规章制度

三、定语从句：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰

的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语 （1）由关系代词引出的定语从句

关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom指人，在从句中作宾语；that指人或物，常用于替代which, who, whom，在从句中作主语或宾语。whose指人或物，在从句中作定语

1. There are many sounds which/that have a meaning and yet are not words.有许多声音有意 义但不是词。（which/that在从句中作主语）

2. The few points (which/that) the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.校 长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要。（which/that在从句中作宾语可省略）

3. Some people who/that are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语 言学习上很成功的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。（who/that在从句中作主语）

4. Here is the man (whom/who/that) you have been looking for.这就是你一直在找的人。 （whom/who/that在从句中作宾语可省略）

5. She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken.她住在门窗已经坏了的房子里。 （whose指物，在从句中作定语）

6. How many students are there in your class whose parents serve in the government agencies? 你们班里有多少同学的父母在政府机关工作。（whose指人，在从句中作定语）

（2）关系副词引出的定语从句：关系副词when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语

1. At the time when I saw him, he was well.在我看到他的时候，他身体很好。 2. This is the place where the accident took place last night.这就是昨晚发生事故的地方。

3. That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan.这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因。

★可以用介词＋which结构替换关系副词。 when ＝ at/in/on/during which 表示时间 where ＝ in/at which 表示地点 why ＝ for which 表示原因

1. Do you remember the day when/on which you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的天吗？（确切的时间用on）

2. He will always remember the day when/on which his father returned from America.他将永 远记住父亲从美国返回的那一天。

3. This was the time when/at which she left for Beijing.这就是她动身去北京的时间。 4. This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。 5. I dont know the reason why/for which he didnt come to the meeting yesterday morning. 我不知道他为什么没参加昨天上午的会议 （3）介词+which/whom/whose从句

1.The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。

2.Language is a tool by meansof which people communicate ideas with each other.语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。

3.Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of whichnone of us had ever heard. Jane整整一晚上都在谈论着她最近的课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。 （4）as 可做引导词引导定语从句，多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头

1.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的那一类人现在很少了。 2.The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。

3.As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。

4.We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。 （5）代/名+介词+which 从句

1.He is needing a book, the name of which I don't know.他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。(我不知道名字的那本书)

2.In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。

3.To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串问题唯一的答案。（只有一个答案的那些问题）

（6）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（理解即可）

★关系代词that与which的比较 1.只宜于用which，不用that的情况。

(1)先行词为that，those时。

What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那个是什么？ (2)引导词（关系代词）前有介词时。

This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间 2.只宜于用that，不用which的情况。

(1)先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。

The film is the most interesting that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最有趣的一部。

English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 英语会是这些年你学的最难的科目。

(2)先行词是序数词或它的前面有last或序数词修饰时。

It’s the first film that I saw this year. 这是我今年看的第一部电影。

Tom is always the first that comes to the classroom. Tom总是第一个到教室的人。 (3)主句以疑问词who，which开头时，不用which或who，以避免重复。 Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车？ (4)先行词既有人又有物时。

They are taiking about the sutdents and the school that they visited yesterday. 他们正在谈论昨天访问的学生和学校。

(5)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词时。

You should hand in all that you have. 你应该把你有的所有上交。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you. 我们没有太多能提供给你。

Is this school the one that we are going to visit tomorrow? 这所学校是我们明天要参观的那个吗？

Is there anything that you want to buy? 你有什么想要买的东西吗？

(6) 先行词前有no, any, few, little, all, the only, the same, the very等词修饰时。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 我们能做的唯一的事就是给你一些钱。

There are no children that don’t love their parents. 没有孩子不爱他们的父母。